Essay about Assessment of the War in Iraq - 1621 Words

Saddam Hussein was indeed a ruthless dictator who violated human rights and caused conflicts in the Middle East. Despite this, his threat to the world community was largely overstated by the US in its justifications for going to war. His reputation as crazy and unpredictable was countered in his psychological assessment, which clearly shows his motivations and identifies the amount of foresight in every decision he makes. Basically, his main motivation was to stay in power and he did everything he could to achieve that. Drawing off of this assessment, if becomes very clear that if he wanted to stay in power, even if he did have chemical, biological, or weapons of mass destruction, he would never use those in a foreign conflict, much less†¦show more content†¦The only way to fix the human rights crisis in Iraq would be to invade and install a new government. This was not the stated goal and therefore it still was not the right course of action. Despite shortcomings with the d ecision to go to war, how the war was actually carried out posed more problems. The administration had a very favorable view of how the war would go and how post-war issues would work themselves out. They were under the impression that this war would be like any other situation where a new government was put up, like in Japan, Germany, or in many former Soviet states. The US has never dealt with this situation in the Arab world, though. In many cases, administration’s expectations for the war were simply unrealistic – some estimates had all forces out of Iraq within a year and one comment led people to believe that Iraq’s reconstruction would only cost the US $1.7 billion. Nearly everybody else had a different idea of how the post-war period should be dealt with. The Army Chief of Staff, Eric Shinseki, estimated to the Senate Armed Services Committee that several hundred thousand soldiers would be needed to occupy Iraq – much more than those needed to inv ade it. Another estimate was that the war might eventually cost $1.7 trillion. Everyone expected looting after the regime fell and called for the necessary troops to maintain order. Most people expected mass amounts of refugees within the country as the regime unleashedShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder in Troops Leaving Iraq1032 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Introduction Recently a study has been carried by the American Army on the health of the military troops that have just returned from Iraq. It has been found that one in every right soldier is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Another important fact mentioned in the report is that more than half of the military soldiers from these are in a need of help but do not make their conditionsRead MoreEvaluation of the US Central Command’s Planning Process for Operation Iraqi Freedom1884 Words   |  7 Pagesidentifies some of CENTCOM’s shortfalls. US military planners’ lack of understanding of the operational environment led to an inadequately defined problem that resulted in a faulty operational approach. CENTCOM’s approach did not have the right assessment to gauge the effectiveness of the plan such as alerting planners when and if the plan needed modification. Current joint planning policy incorporates several of CENTCOM’s shortfalls in an attempt to p rovide a better planning process for future jointRead MoreIntelligence And Weapons Of Mass Destruction Programs1395 Words   |  6 Pagesto be essential to military actions since antiquity, particularly concerning invasions from a nation’s military. Invading Iraq due to the determination of the continued Weapon of Mass Destruction programs in 2003 resulted, in part from intelligence received by human intelligence sources. The specific cause that led to the initial determination to invade was the belief that Iraq maintained a Weapon of Mass Destruction program at the same time also suggesting that Saddam had links to Terror groups.Read MoreIraq Is A Multicultural Country1220 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Iraq is a multicultural country that is located in the Middle East. Iraq borders Kuwait to the south, Saudi Arabia the south, Jordan the west, Syrian Arab Republic to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the East. For the past hundred years, Iraq has been in conflict with numerous countries. During the past few decades, The United States of America started its war with Iraq due to terrorist act against the United States and Kuwait. The Gulf War started inRead MoreTerrorism Between Iraq And The United States Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages After the gulf wars, a ceasefire was negotiated between the United Nations coalition and Iraq. During the ceasefire, the United Nations became aware that Iraq had started a biological warfare program in the 1980s, as well as a chemical warfare program. Upon further investigation, they found that these programs had not continued after the war. As a result, the United States main focus moving forward was the removal of the Saddam regime, their official foreign policy for years to come focused on thisRead MoreThe Outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, An Outline826 Words   |  3 PagesIn the fall of 1980, one of the largest and most destructive conflicts to occur since the end of the second world war started between the states of Iran and Iraq. 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A Beneficial Change That Has Been Proposed For The Welfare

A beneficial change that has been proposed for the Welfare program is a time limit on how long people are allowed to be on welfare. When putting a time limit into place, new job programs will emerge in order to help find the individuals a place of employment (Molander). Job programs would provide training and assistance in helping the individual find employment. These â€Å"job programs† would be instated for the purpose of helping those people on welfare get off as soon as possible (Molander). In turn this would back up the time limit, because the job program would be created in a way in which encouragement to find a job would be fully incorporated (Ybarra). â€Å"Activation programs† would be the official term and they will help the unemployable†¦show more content†¦The time limit on welfare would not affect the already employed single mothers as much as it would the unemployed mothers. It was found that in certain cases single mothers who were unemployed we re without a job not out of personal desire to continue on governmental assistance, they just could not find a reliable job that provided them with their necessary needs in relation to the responsibilities they had with their children. A solution to the single mothers on welfare factor would be that certain applicants under critical circumstances can file for an extension in welfare, if they meet set requirements. Welfare Fraud Welfare is not intended to be a way for citizens to have a way out of having to look for employment, but for many that is what it has become. An estimated 21.3% of all Americans were on some sort of Welfare program each month in 2012 (Bureau). Fraud is a commonly found problem within the welfare system, and it can come in many forms. The eligibility of welfare applicants are reviewed annually, but this allows for errors to occur in the manner of which the applicant could be eligible for a half a year, but they still receive assistance for the rest of the year when they no longer need it (Ribali). The annual check for eligibility accounts for the fair amountShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Child Care Programs?914 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The US department of health and human services has indicated a commitment to â€Å"reduce the dependency of needy families through the promotion of job preparation, work and marriage† and to â€Å"provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for in their own homes† (Office of Family Assistance, 2017). With changes in family dynamics and the shifting economy it is increasingly less plausible for single-earner households to achieve economic stability (Stevens, 2017). ParentsRead More Analysis of Johnsons The Great Society Essay679 Words   |  3 Pagesand its citizens. 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Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. Answer: Introduction Of late, rivalry between countries has become an attribute of the Olympic Games. Media and politicians count medals to evaluate international success. Competition has become an antagonism between Systems because of the incessant rising standards in international sport (Brogilo, Cantu and Gioia 2014). It is seen that the achievement of a participant relies gradually more on the recital ability of the arrangement and efficiency of it in utilizing all related possessions used for the advantage of privileged game (Anderson and Parr 2013). Some countries, like the earlier communalist states of Eastern Europe, were unbeaten in global games because of making elevated investment in general nation game systems. Several nations are compelled by additional basic requirements; however, other nations create different precedence. Various researches have attempted to describe difference in the accomplishment of Olympic of nations by applying some socio-financial determinants. It is assumed that these factors cannot be controlled (Hinchcliff, Kaneps and Geor 2013). Only some references are available in the literature about the competence and efficiency of sports investments and policies. It is difficult to measure these belongings dispassionately (Kelly, Jordan and Joyner 2014). Hence, huge amount of money is invested in selected game to participate against different countries as well as to attain enhanced performance in the game. Nevertheless, it is unknown to government how games policies can control to improved sporting recital. Hence, it is tough for the politicians to decide on the precise main concern for the sports strategy (Pentice and Arnheim 2013). According to some research, efforts have been taken to clarify why definite nations are further thriving than others are. The association between success a nd policies is not properly comprehensible. Therefore, no inclusive model on the policy issues of sports foremost to global sporting accomplishment has been developed. Two functions will be served in this paper. A complete appraisal of the determinants will be provided. These determinants are significant contributors for international sporting success (Baugh, Kroshus and Daneshvar 2015). Then, a theoretical representation of the determinants of accomplishment will be proposed as a rational expansion of the review in elite sport policy. This will be done by grouping assessable criterion into a diminutive number of strategy areas that may be evaluated on a general base of Tran. Factors that lead to Sporting achievement in International Level Many factors lead to global achievement in top-level games. These features should be classified. Recitals in top-level games are a combination of hereditary behaviours and the ecological as well as substantial conditions in which individuals reside. Inherent characters may clarify differences between young people and old people, between men and women, between tall people and small people and even between races (Hallmann, Breuer and Kuhnreich 2013). It is not possible to elucidate why People of Norway are further vigorous skiers than Italians are and why athletics from Africa and America perform better than athletics from Mozambique or Nigeria. Factors that determine success in top-level sports are classified as follows: MICRO-level: Some factors like training techniques can be controlled where other factors like genetics cannot be controlled at Micro-level. MESO-level: The long-term performance may be influenced by sports policies at MESO-level. MACRO-level: The cultural and social backgrounds are discussed at MACRO-level. Here, the success of nations taken as a whole has been analysed. The individual achievement of sportspersons has not been discussed here. Therefore, factors should be analysed at macro-level in addition to MESO-level. It is seen that less important factors may be restricted by game strategies at micro-level. No feature can be very inaccessible commencing the intellectual in addition to communal frameworks within countries. Therefore, there is an overlying flanked by the macro-level as well as the MESO-level (Sandbakk and Holmberg 2014). Many factors have probably a massive consequence on influential sport development. These factors may be role of the education system; the mass media as supporter of curiosity in sport; the private sector like a partner in game; the spectators like a resonance plank for excellent presentations and the selected game civilization and the custom of convinced games in a nation. However, these factors cannot be prejudiced unswervingly by sports policies. Most Important Factors to Global Sporting Success: The Macro-level Assessments and forecasts of presentation in the sports competition of Olympic were mostly depended on factors at macro-level. Several studies attempted to discover a financial enlightenment for victory, whereas others acquired a sociological loom. There were numerous studies in this area because data at the macro-level was freely obtainable in the public area (Hwang, Zhao and Gay 2013). It is to be noted that the data is frequently not readily available at the MESO-level and is tricky to compute. Thus, it became complicated to analyse and evaluate sport policies. Therefore, research at the MESO-level was insufficient. The hypothesis that there was an identical allocation of talent during the world was proposed. Each country had the same prospects to make spirited influential athletes. The influence of two self-sufficient macro-financial variables was highlighted in many studies. These studies may exclude the distribution of talent dispute. These two variables constantly clarified over half of the entirety variance of worldwide sporting achievement. It is necessary to concern on the impact of other aspects like the political system, ground mass, the faith, and cultural factors. The similar analysis was undertaken on the comprehensive variables with the number of sportspersons contributing in the Olympics as an alternative of medals won. Hence, these variables explicated the number of contestants same as the number of winning awards. It was revealed that financial factors were vital determinants of game accomplishment in rising countries than in socialist countries and Western countries. The significance of factors at the macro-level had been reduced. However, the influence of these macro-level features on selected sporting achievement remained high. None of these variables could be influenced by sports strategies in the dumpy term. These factors should be considered when worldwide comparisons are made. The comparative success of nations should be measured by scheming for these determinants (Akcura and Avci 2014). It is seen that the crowded and affluent countries rule the tables of Olympic award. There is a stable requirement for the administrations to make sure the sustained accessibility of the fundamental resource. This leaded rationally to the exploration of the MESO-level. Most Important Features to Global Sporting Success: The MESO-level Sports policies partially determine the factors at MESO-level. Considering all factors that decide success of elite sports, MESO-level factors can be influenced. National sports organizations globally spend huge amount of money in expedition for better sport performance. It is necessary to investigate why some nations do extremely well in precise sporting events (Woratschek, Horbel and Popp 2014). The aim of the study is to make a structure enclosing the classification of guidelines that may be evaluated as drivers of global sporting achievement. These studies can be categorized into three extensive types. Here, coaches, athletes and performing directors of Flanders have been reviewed to engage prime stakeholders in selected game to resolve the guidelines. These consequences are compared to parallel research studies performed in supplementary countries. The initial type of research focused on an association of the executive framework of countries. Resemblances and dissimilarities of elite sport systems should be shown among nations. Hence, significant research has been carried out on different features of practice in the earlier socialist states. Familiar individuality of these elite sport systems are appreciation of sport and physical education within legal law, identifying young talent throughout schools, elevated training facility in school, prerequisite of expert coaches, monetary support, precedence to technical study and system of game medication (Sotiriadou, Gowthorp and Bosscher 2014). Both Canada and Australia have accepted guiding principles of selected group progress that are extremely secure to the Soviet replica in numeral of major compliments (Clemente, Martins and Mendes 2016). This observable fact can be exemplified by a universal globalization procedure. A rising propensity is discovered to expand ordinary sporting approaches in those countries. There is scope for assortment and escalating variation compared the organism of ability recognition and growth of talent in Russia, China, United States , France and Italy. Presently, a significant research has been done on influential sports schemes in Russia, China, United States, Italy, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Austria (Klostermann and Nagal 2014). Attractive innovative insights are provided into how influential activity constructions control relative to worldwide sporting achievement. Elite Sports Policy According to Jarvie (2013), the procedures of influential sport strategy vary in three nations and three sports have been explored in revolutionary research related to best sport policies. Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) has been used as an implement for appreciative the increase in the following precedence specified to selected game (Elgin and Weible 2013). Comparison among the nations has been discussed. A depth study in four areas of elite sport policy has been offered. These areas are expansion of influential level amenities, appearance of full-time contestants, progress in training, game medicine and game science and rivalry chances for privileged level sportspersons. An overview of fundamentals for global success has been provided in few researches. This study has used the preceding study on game schemes to describe the input features needed to reach global sporting achievement. Nine types of imperative factors are found to establish accomplishment. A specified model can cov er neither all nations, nor all sports. Three main features are accountable for global achievement. These factors are monetary sustain for training centres and people, a continuing incorporated Olympic game structure in addition to athletic talent. Time for training, sports medication back up, worldwide competition, well-trained full-time coaches, early identification of talent, a superior communication system, access for all and an steady line up through the scheme are also responsible for international success. It is important to identify objects that may be observed as consistent in the mentioned countries. There should be an obvious perceptive about the position of the special actions involved and an effectual communiqu network that keeps the system. It is necessary to identify the effortlessness of management through ordinary fair and following boundaries (Bouchet, Hillairet and Bodet 2013). An efficient system should be introduced for the statistical recognition, checking of the development of endowed athlete. Sports services should make an brilliance culture in which all teammates can cooperate with one another. A base for the formation of a widespread form of aspects that amplify worldwide sporting achievement should be provided. Importance of Coaches for Athletes Achievement A theoretical model has not been derived with logical issues put into equipped criterion that may be empirically experienced. Hence, further study is mandatory to appreciate well why this propensity happens. An enduring study is needed. Guidelines vary over more than 10 years have been analysed. The important constituent absent in all of the preceding attempts to represent game plan impacts on victory has been the participation of coaches and athletes, since the main stakeholders accountable for carrying victory for the country. According to Hylton (2013), it is necessary to hub on individual inherited characters. Exciting information has been provided on various responsibilities of game strategies in pathway of a sportsperson to attainment the pinnacle. It is not as much of difficult to query coaches and athletes as to judge against countries at the MESO-level. Many assessments have done to recognize the features that influence the individual achievement of athletes. It is necessary to hub on the cluster for whose advantage an organization mainly subsists. This loom is identified as the multiple-constituency replica of the efficiency of organizations. It approves the measures depending on the values and preferences of external and internal organizational participants. The sound conjecture on sports procedure issues foremost to global sporting achievement has not been invented. Study has been done on the selected game environment to classify the determinants of achievement according to the key stakeholders in selected game. About 140 sportspersons, 26 performance directors and 119 coaches have been asked to indicate the five mainly significant external and internal features, which have the supreme impact on the individual sensation of sportspersons (Rocha and Chelladurai 2013).An inductive study leads to the detection of ten parts, of which eight may be sorted out as game strategy areas. The results are roughly equivalent with two analogous micro- level learning in other countries. Unrestricted questions have been asked to recognize what contestants considered them the determinants of achievement. The universal argument is that the vital and essential stipulation for accomplishment is the individual inspiration and commitment of the competitor. Further constantly mentioned aspects that may be classified, as special environment of a sportsperson comprise variables like partner, coach and parents. The superiority of coaching surpassed all other issues in terms of its significance at MESO-level. Need to categorize the factors that lead to global sporting success The apparent consequence of economic sustains, training chances, structural support, training amenities and rivalry emerges in every study. Hence, sustain should be supplied to exploit the authority of special favourable things. Therefore, revises at micro-level are attractive because there may be an unplanned outcome at MESO-level. Thus, it can be said that a variety of features have given to the achievement of individual athletes and elite sporting of nations (Ratten 2018). Nevertheless, none of the studies provides a general idea in such a manner that the erratics are obviously distinct and quantifiable for utilize in international comparisons. The main endeavour of the study is to deliberate in one place the numerous distinct resources appraised. Hence, it is necessary to categorize the reasons that guide to worldwide sporting achievement. Based on the secondary sources and obtainable literature on selected game schemes, research on the determinants of achievement at strategy level, and basics for achievement as par coaches and athletes are the key stakeholders in selected game (Doherty 2013). All sources can be clustered into a small number of strategy areas that have an imperative impact on global honourable accomplishment (Kim et al. 2013). Exceptional consideration may be provided to the sportsperson who is identified as talented during the talent development phase. Some athletes among remaining athletes may lastly achieve the peak and begin to execute at intercontinental stage. This profession path looks like a pyramid because numerous competitors drop out throughout these phases (Sotiriadou, Gowthorp and Bosscher, 2014). This theory of pyramid is frequently criticized, as a number of abilities are not chosen from a sport's contributor support. The majority of athletes have a propensity to discover the ancestry in game for all. Three stages of participant growth as defined are analogous in games, science and arts. A fourth stage is reached when the career of an athletic ends. These evolutions in an athletes sporting career are frequently escorted by social, psychological and academic changes occur at different times. The swelling consequence of these evolutions habitually generates anxiety for participants (Bosscher a nd Bottenburg 2013 Hence, brawny sustain structures are mandatory to expand the best microclimate in which the sportsperson can expand successfully. The other entire pillars hub on what is best for the development of athlete. Hence, it is necessary to define best purpose of game strategies so that selected contestants can execute in most favourable conditions at every phase of their professions. Training and Financial Support Financial resources and an incorporated loom to policy growth are required circumstances for the progress of athletic and sport professions within a specified game. The monetary and HR are the contributions of game strategy. More prospects can be created for contestants to train under ideal circumstances by investing more in sport. Many nations have enhanced generous performance after rising speculation in influential sports. This is happened frequently after disappointment at significant global proceedings. These events focus consideration of policy creator on suggestions towards better elite sports instruction plans. This may improve the opportunities of success it (Brouwers, Sotiriado and Bosscher 2015). The procedures behind the throughput or policy submit to the competence of sports strategies. Inputs can be handled to create the necessary productivities in optimal methods. Hence, a well-built managerial construction is essential. It is replicated in the second support of the model. There is no agreement or predilection for the need of centralization or elevated government interference in selected sport policies. A management of elite sport scheme is required. A superior communiqu scheme and understandable task metaphors are more essential than the exact scenery of the liberation medium. Besides, the significance of effortlessness of administration is indicated through general political and sporting limitations as another significant thing. Nine Pillars for an Athletes Success Nine bunches of plan areas can be recognized. Every clusters contain numerous sub-criteria that may be evaluated on an international foundation to elucidate why countries shine in privileged game. It is seen that pillars three, four and five are a rational evolution (Bosscher, Shilbil and Westerbeek, 2015). The progression starts when a sportsperson is introduced to a definite sport. Pillar 1 is a pointer of the contribution; pillars from two to nine are indicators of throughput. Criteria should be measured in a multidimensional approach at each phase of the input, output cycle and throughput (Shibli and Bosscher 2013). Reserves in four other supports in the throughput phase are necessary for the growth of selected sportspersons. These pillars are training conveniences, the stipulation and progress of coaches, competition structures and, technical research and sports medication support. Pillars 6, 7 and 8 need particular concentration at both the development and the elite level. Adequate competent coaches at club stage and excellent nationwide rivalry arrangement permit youthful talents to be capable in their game (Bosscher, Shibli and Westerbeek 2015). Once sportspersons complete at a higher stage and train frequently, there is require for more specific apparatus and amenities with suitable convenience, coaches with proficiency and information at the influential stage, and enough chances for sportspersons to contribute in global competition. The performance of global sporting events has a constructive consequence on the achievement of the crowd country. Hence, a positive loom to hosting global game proceedings can also be viewed as a feature that persuades worldwide sporting success. According to Holt and Knight (2014), useful investigate and a system of 17 sports medication are vital things for countries who desire to break others. Awards and Medals: Motivation of Athlete Results in selected game may be undoubtedly defined, for instance, the number of awards triumphed throughout the Olympic Games or other proceedings. The model usually demonstrates that the growth of more sportspersons with award winning ability needs a holistic loom to the selected game. Selected sportsperson are gradually more the product of an enduring planned setting up procedure. It is expected that 8-10 years and 10,000 training hours be required to be a specialist in games. Countries may not amplify the opportunities of accomplishment by endowing in a few supports. It is essential to discover the most appropriate intermingle of all pillars for their precise situations (Liston, Gergg and Lowther 2013). Some less convenient variables are also significant indicators for victory. Elite sport exists within the environment. The environment comprises issues like media depiction of game, sponsorships, and the custom of victory, game ethnicity and tradition of game in a nation. These concerns can only be forced on by game strategies to a restricted amount and consequently do not belong to the MESO-stage of the categorization. Conclusion Here, a compound recital model of sports strategy issues has been discussed. SPLISS is a model of nine pillars of sports policy factors. The factors are financial support, structure of sport policies, foundation and participation, talent identification, post career support, training facilities, coaching provision, international competition and scientific research. These factors may guide to augmented invention of sportspersons with ability of endearing award. The replica is characterized by focusing on the contestant as an innermost stakeholder in selected game systems. Every supports should be evidently defined. The objective of this framework is to provide an outline of foremost sports policy areas. It aspires to recognize essential matters and to create critical queries in a standard research of selected game systems. New strategies may be developed in a competitive atmosphere. These strategies should be applied empirically. Selected sports environment and policies in several countries should be compared at national stage. The aim of the study is to progress the awareness about the sports strategy determinants that are significant for global success. Due to lack of data, the association between success and sports policies cannot be computed. It is difficult to find the partial correlation coefficient of one factor, controlling other factors. SPLISS involves over 18 countries. It is reasonably believable that this structure will need modification before it can be used significantly in countries with diverse cultures and dissimilar sport schemes. It is impracticable to generate individual model for amplifying global success. Sport is an indication of the cultural structure of a nation. The excitement for sport of Australia might be a stronger elucidation for achievement than any other variable. The athletes from Netherlands are more successful in sport than Flanders because they are more accomplishment oriented, better planners and less probable to stay away from unsure situations. Due to lack of data availability, international comparison is used to identify the factors that influence worldwide sporting success. Macro level factors such as GDP and population have become less precise predictors of nations performance in elite sport. Australia is an instance of a country, which has now been proficient to progress the performance in selected game with an unpretentious raise in population. Determinants at macro-level are responsible for more than half of Olympic achievement and this may be more in emergent countries. Policies can be changed through the factors that are at MESO-level. Many countries have adopted premeditated approaches towards the growth of best athletes. It will be difficult for nations to prevail many awards with a fixed level of asset because generous systems are stirring increasingly towards uniformity globally. Hence, it can be concluded that nations should emphasize more on setting up for achievement in a wide-ranging method. References: Akura, M.T. and Avci, S.B., 2014. How to make global cities: Information communication technologies and macro-level variables.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,89, pp.68-79. Anderson, M.K. and Parr, G.P., 2013.Foundations of athletic training: Prevention, assessment, and management. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Baugh, C.M., Kroshus, E., Daneshvar, D.H., Filali, N.A., Hiscox, M.J. and Glantz, L.H., 2015. Concussion management in United States college sports: compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association concussion policy and areas for improvement.The American journal of sports medicine,43(1), pp.47-56. Bouchet, P., Hillairet, D. and Bodet, G., 2013.Sport brands. Routledge. Broglio, S.P., Cantu, R.C., Gioia, G.A., Guskiewicz, K.M., Kutcher, J., Palm, M. and McLeod, T.C.V., 2014. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: management of sport concussion.Journal of athletic training,49(2), pp.245-265. Brouwers, J., Sotiriadou, P. and De Bosscher, V., 2015. Sport-specific policies and factors that influence international success: The case of tennis.Sport Management Review,18(3), pp.343-358. Buchanan, G.M. and Seligman, M. eds., 2013.Explanatory style. Routledge. Clemente, F.M., Martins, F.M.L. and Mendes, R.S., 2016.Social network analysis applied to team sports analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing. De Bosscher, V., Shibil, S., Westerbeek, H. and Van Bottenburg, M., 2015.Successful elite sport policies: An international comparison of the Sportspolicy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Meyer Meyer Verlag. De Bosscher, V., van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S. and De Knop, P., 2013. Managing high performance sport at the national policy level.Managing high performance sport, pp.45-64. Doherty, A., 2013. Investing in sport management: The value of good theory.Sport Management Review,16(1), pp.5-11. Elgin, D.J. and Weible, C.M., 2013. A stakeholder analysis of Colorado climate and energy issues using policy analytical capacity and the advocacy coalition framework.Review of Policy Research,30(1), pp.114-133. Hallmann, K., Breuer, C. and Khnreich, B., 2013. Happiness, pride and elite sporting success: What population segments gain most from national athletic achievements?.Sport Management Review,16(2), pp.226-235. Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, R.J., 2013.Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Holt, N.L. and Knight, C.J., 2014.Parenting in youth sport: From research to practice. Routledge. Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X. and Gay, M.J.S., 2013. Public private partnership projects in Singapore: Factors, critical risks and preferred risk allocation from the perspective of contractors.International Journal of Project Management,31(3), pp.424-433. Hylton, K. ed., 2013.Sports development. Routledge. Jarvie, G., 2013.Sport, culture and society: an introduction. Routledge. Kelly, K.C., Jordan, E.M., Joyner, A.B., Burdette, G.T. and Buckley, T.A., 2014. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic trainers' concussion-management practice patterns.Journal of athletic training,49(5), pp.665-673. Kim, W., Jun, H.M., Walker, M. and Drane, D., 2015. Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation.Tourism Management,48, pp.21-32. Klostermann, C. and Nagel, S., 2014. Changes in German sport participation: Historical trends in individual sports.International review for the sociology of sport,49(5), pp.609-634. Liston, K., Gregg, R. and Lowther, J., 2013. 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Morality And Ethics And Computers Essays - Professional Ethics

Morality and Ethics and Computers There are many different sides to the discussion on moral and ethical uses of computers. In many situations, the morality of a particular use of a computer is up to the individual to decide. For this reason, absolute laws about ethical computer usage is almost, but not entirely, impossible to define. The introduction of computers into the workplace has introduced many questions as well: Should employers make sure the workplace is designed to minimize health risks such as back strain and carpal tunnel syndrome for people who work with computers? Can employers prohibit employees from sending personal memos by electronic mail to a friend at the other side of the office? Should employers monitor employees' work on computers? If so, should employees be warned beforehand? If warned, does that make the practice okay? According to Kenneth Goodman, director of the Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy at the University of Miami, who teaches courses in computer ethics, "There's hardly a business that's not using computers."1 This makes these questions all the more important for today's society to answer. There are also many moral and ethical problems dealing with the use of computers in the medical field. In one particular case, a technician trusted what he thought a computer was telling him, and administered a deadly dose of radiation to a hospital patient.2 In cases like these, it is difficult to decide who's fault it is. It could have been the computer programmer's fault, but Goodman asks, "How much responsibility can you place on a machine?"3 Many problems also occur when computers are used in education. Should computers replace actual teachers in the classroom? In some schools, computers and computer manuals have already started to replace teachers. I would consider this an unethical use of computers because computers do not have the ability to think and interact on an interpersonal basis. Computers "dehumanize human activity"4 by taking away many jobs and making many others "boring exercises in pushing the buttons that make the technology work." 5 Complete privacy is almost impossible in this computer age. By using a credit card or check cashing card, entering a raffle, or subscribing to a magazine, people provide information about themselves that can be sold to marketers and distributed to data bases throughout the world. When people use the world-wide web, the sites they visit and download things from, make a record that can be traced back to the person.6 This is not protected, as it is when books are checked out of a library. Therefore, information about someone's personal preferences and interests can be sold to anyone. A health insurance company could find out if a particular person had bought alcohol or cigarettes and charge that person a higher rate because he or she is a greater health risk. Although something like this has not been reported yet, there are no laws against it, at this point. More and more data base companies are monitoring individuals with little regulation. "Other forms of monitoring-such as genetic screening-could eventually be used to discriminate against individuals not because of their past but because of statistical expectations about their future."7 For instance, people who do not have AIDS but carry the antibodies are being discharged from the U.S. military and also fired from some jobs. Who knows if this kind of medical information could lead employers to make decisions of employment based on possible future illnesses rather than on job qualifications. Is this an ethical use of computers? One aspect of computers that is surely immoral and unethical is computer crime, which has been on the rise lately. There are many different types of computer crime. Three main types of crimes are making computer viruses, making illegal copies of software, and actually stealing computers. Computer viruses have been around for a decade but they became infamous when the Michelangelo virus caused a scare on March 6, 1992. According to the National Computer Security Association in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, there are 6000 known viruses worldwide and about 200 new ones show up every month.8 These viruses are spread quickly and easily and can destroy all information on a computer's hard drive. Now, people must buy additional software just to detect viruses and possibly repair infected files. Making illegal copies of software is also a growing problem in the computer world. Most people find no problem in buying a computer program and giving a copy to their friend or co-worker. Some people even make copies and sell them