Essay about Assessment of the War in Iraq - 1621 Words

Saddam Hussein was indeed a ruthless dictator who violated human rights and caused conflicts in the Middle East. Despite this, his threat to the world community was largely overstated by the US in its justifications for going to war. His reputation as crazy and unpredictable was countered in his psychological assessment, which clearly shows his motivations and identifies the amount of foresight in every decision he makes. Basically, his main motivation was to stay in power and he did everything he could to achieve that. Drawing off of this assessment, if becomes very clear that if he wanted to stay in power, even if he did have chemical, biological, or weapons of mass destruction, he would never use those in a foreign conflict, much less†¦show more content†¦The only way to fix the human rights crisis in Iraq would be to invade and install a new government. This was not the stated goal and therefore it still was not the right course of action. Despite shortcomings with the d ecision to go to war, how the war was actually carried out posed more problems. The administration had a very favorable view of how the war would go and how post-war issues would work themselves out. They were under the impression that this war would be like any other situation where a new government was put up, like in Japan, Germany, or in many former Soviet states. The US has never dealt with this situation in the Arab world, though. In many cases, administration’s expectations for the war were simply unrealistic – some estimates had all forces out of Iraq within a year and one comment led people to believe that Iraq’s reconstruction would only cost the US $1.7 billion. Nearly everybody else had a different idea of how the post-war period should be dealt with. The Army Chief of Staff, Eric Shinseki, estimated to the Senate Armed Services Committee that several hundred thousand soldiers would be needed to occupy Iraq – much more than those needed to inv ade it. Another estimate was that the war might eventually cost $1.7 trillion. Everyone expected looting after the regime fell and called for the necessary troops to maintain order. Most people expected mass amounts of refugees within the country as the regime unleashedShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder in Troops Leaving Iraq1032 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Post-traumatic stress disorder leaving Iraq Introduction Recently a study has been carried by the American Army on the health of the military troops that have just returned from Iraq. It has been found that one in every right soldier is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Another important fact mentioned in the report is that more than half of the military soldiers from these are in a need of help but do not make their conditionsRead MoreEvaluation of the US Central Command’s Planning Process for Operation Iraqi Freedom1884 Words   |  7 Pagesidentifies some of CENTCOM’s shortfalls. US military planners’ lack of understanding of the operational environment led to an inadequately defined problem that resulted in a faulty operational approach. CENTCOM’s approach did not have the right assessment to gauge the effectiveness of the plan such as alerting planners when and if the plan needed modification. Current joint planning policy incorporates several of CENTCOM’s shortfalls in an attempt to p rovide a better planning process for future jointRead MoreIntelligence And Weapons Of Mass Destruction Programs1395 Words   |  6 Pagesto be essential to military actions since antiquity, particularly concerning invasions from a nation’s military. Invading Iraq due to the determination of the continued Weapon of Mass Destruction programs in 2003 resulted, in part from intelligence received by human intelligence sources. The specific cause that led to the initial determination to invade was the belief that Iraq maintained a Weapon of Mass Destruction program at the same time also suggesting that Saddam had links to Terror groups.Read MoreIraq Is A Multicultural Country1220 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Iraq is a multicultural country that is located in the Middle East. Iraq borders Kuwait to the south, Saudi Arabia the south, Jordan the west, Syrian Arab Republic to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the East. For the past hundred years, Iraq has been in conflict with numerous countries. During the past few decades, The United States of America started its war with Iraq due to terrorist act against the United States and Kuwait. The Gulf War started inRead MoreTerrorism Between Iraq And The United States Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages After the gulf wars, a ceasefire was negotiated between the United Nations coalition and Iraq. During the ceasefire, the United Nations became aware that Iraq had started a biological warfare program in the 1980s, as well as a chemical warfare program. Upon further investigation, they found that these programs had not continued after the war. As a result, the United States main focus moving forward was the removal of the Saddam regime, their official foreign policy for years to come focused on thisRead MoreThe Outbreak of the Iran-Iraq War, An Outline826 Words   |  3 PagesIn the fall of 1980, one of the largest and most destructive conflicts to occur since the end of the second world war started between the states of Iran and Iraq. 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A Beneficial Change That Has Been Proposed For The Welfare

A beneficial change that has been proposed for the Welfare program is a time limit on how long people are allowed to be on welfare. When putting a time limit into place, new job programs will emerge in order to help find the individuals a place of employment (Molander). Job programs would provide training and assistance in helping the individual find employment. These â€Å"job programs† would be instated for the purpose of helping those people on welfare get off as soon as possible (Molander). In turn this would back up the time limit, because the job program would be created in a way in which encouragement to find a job would be fully incorporated (Ybarra). â€Å"Activation programs† would be the official term and they will help the unemployable†¦show more content†¦The time limit on welfare would not affect the already employed single mothers as much as it would the unemployed mothers. It was found that in certain cases single mothers who were unemployed we re without a job not out of personal desire to continue on governmental assistance, they just could not find a reliable job that provided them with their necessary needs in relation to the responsibilities they had with their children. A solution to the single mothers on welfare factor would be that certain applicants under critical circumstances can file for an extension in welfare, if they meet set requirements. Welfare Fraud Welfare is not intended to be a way for citizens to have a way out of having to look for employment, but for many that is what it has become. An estimated 21.3% of all Americans were on some sort of Welfare program each month in 2012 (Bureau). Fraud is a commonly found problem within the welfare system, and it can come in many forms. The eligibility of welfare applicants are reviewed annually, but this allows for errors to occur in the manner of which the applicant could be eligible for a half a year, but they still receive assistance for the rest of the year when they no longer need it (Ribali). The annual check for eligibility accounts for the fair amountShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Child Care Programs?914 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The US department of health and human services has indicated a commitment to â€Å"reduce the dependency of needy families through the promotion of job preparation, work and marriage† and to â€Å"provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for in their own homes† (Office of Family Assistance, 2017). With changes in family dynamics and the shifting economy it is increasingly less plausible for single-earner households to achieve economic stability (Stevens, 2017). ParentsRead More Analysis of Johnsons The Great Society Essay679 Words   |  3 Pagesand its citizens. 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Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. Answer: Introduction Of late, rivalry between countries has become an attribute of the Olympic Games. Media and politicians count medals to evaluate international success. Competition has become an antagonism between Systems because of the incessant rising standards in international sport (Brogilo, Cantu and Gioia 2014). It is seen that the achievement of a participant relies gradually more on the recital ability of the arrangement and efficiency of it in utilizing all related possessions used for the advantage of privileged game (Anderson and Parr 2013). Some countries, like the earlier communalist states of Eastern Europe, were unbeaten in global games because of making elevated investment in general nation game systems. Several nations are compelled by additional basic requirements; however, other nations create different precedence. Various researches have attempted to describe difference in the accomplishment of Olympic of nations by applying some socio-financial determinants. It is assumed that these factors cannot be controlled (Hinchcliff, Kaneps and Geor 2013). Only some references are available in the literature about the competence and efficiency of sports investments and policies. It is difficult to measure these belongings dispassionately (Kelly, Jordan and Joyner 2014). Hence, huge amount of money is invested in selected game to participate against different countries as well as to attain enhanced performance in the game. Nevertheless, it is unknown to government how games policies can control to improved sporting recital. Hence, it is tough for the politicians to decide on the precise main concern for the sports strategy (Pentice and Arnheim 2013). According to some research, efforts have been taken to clarify why definite nations are further thriving than others are. The association between success a nd policies is not properly comprehensible. Therefore, no inclusive model on the policy issues of sports foremost to global sporting accomplishment has been developed. Two functions will be served in this paper. A complete appraisal of the determinants will be provided. These determinants are significant contributors for international sporting success (Baugh, Kroshus and Daneshvar 2015). Then, a theoretical representation of the determinants of accomplishment will be proposed as a rational expansion of the review in elite sport policy. This will be done by grouping assessable criterion into a diminutive number of strategy areas that may be evaluated on a general base of Tran. Factors that lead to Sporting achievement in International Level Many factors lead to global achievement in top-level games. These features should be classified. Recitals in top-level games are a combination of hereditary behaviours and the ecological as well as substantial conditions in which individuals reside. Inherent characters may clarify differences between young people and old people, between men and women, between tall people and small people and even between races (Hallmann, Breuer and Kuhnreich 2013). It is not possible to elucidate why People of Norway are further vigorous skiers than Italians are and why athletics from Africa and America perform better than athletics from Mozambique or Nigeria. Factors that determine success in top-level sports are classified as follows: MICRO-level: Some factors like training techniques can be controlled where other factors like genetics cannot be controlled at Micro-level. MESO-level: The long-term performance may be influenced by sports policies at MESO-level. MACRO-level: The cultural and social backgrounds are discussed at MACRO-level. Here, the success of nations taken as a whole has been analysed. The individual achievement of sportspersons has not been discussed here. Therefore, factors should be analysed at macro-level in addition to MESO-level. It is seen that less important factors may be restricted by game strategies at micro-level. No feature can be very inaccessible commencing the intellectual in addition to communal frameworks within countries. Therefore, there is an overlying flanked by the macro-level as well as the MESO-level (Sandbakk and Holmberg 2014). Many factors have probably a massive consequence on influential sport development. These factors may be role of the education system; the mass media as supporter of curiosity in sport; the private sector like a partner in game; the spectators like a resonance plank for excellent presentations and the selected game civilization and the custom of convinced games in a nation. However, these factors cannot be prejudiced unswervingly by sports policies. Most Important Factors to Global Sporting Success: The Macro-level Assessments and forecasts of presentation in the sports competition of Olympic were mostly depended on factors at macro-level. Several studies attempted to discover a financial enlightenment for victory, whereas others acquired a sociological loom. There were numerous studies in this area because data at the macro-level was freely obtainable in the public area (Hwang, Zhao and Gay 2013). It is to be noted that the data is frequently not readily available at the MESO-level and is tricky to compute. Thus, it became complicated to analyse and evaluate sport policies. Therefore, research at the MESO-level was insufficient. The hypothesis that there was an identical allocation of talent during the world was proposed. Each country had the same prospects to make spirited influential athletes. The influence of two self-sufficient macro-financial variables was highlighted in many studies. These studies may exclude the distribution of talent dispute. These two variables constantly clarified over half of the entirety variance of worldwide sporting achievement. It is necessary to concern on the impact of other aspects like the political system, ground mass, the faith, and cultural factors. The similar analysis was undertaken on the comprehensive variables with the number of sportspersons contributing in the Olympics as an alternative of medals won. Hence, these variables explicated the number of contestants same as the number of winning awards. It was revealed that financial factors were vital determinants of game accomplishment in rising countries than in socialist countries and Western countries. The significance of factors at the macro-level had been reduced. However, the influence of these macro-level features on selected sporting achievement remained high. None of these variables could be influenced by sports strategies in the dumpy term. These factors should be considered when worldwide comparisons are made. The comparative success of nations should be measured by scheming for these determinants (Akcura and Avci 2014). It is seen that the crowded and affluent countries rule the tables of Olympic award. There is a stable requirement for the administrations to make sure the sustained accessibility of the fundamental resource. This leaded rationally to the exploration of the MESO-level. Most Important Features to Global Sporting Success: The MESO-level Sports policies partially determine the factors at MESO-level. Considering all factors that decide success of elite sports, MESO-level factors can be influenced. National sports organizations globally spend huge amount of money in expedition for better sport performance. It is necessary to investigate why some nations do extremely well in precise sporting events (Woratschek, Horbel and Popp 2014). The aim of the study is to make a structure enclosing the classification of guidelines that may be evaluated as drivers of global sporting achievement. These studies can be categorized into three extensive types. Here, coaches, athletes and performing directors of Flanders have been reviewed to engage prime stakeholders in selected game to resolve the guidelines. These consequences are compared to parallel research studies performed in supplementary countries. The initial type of research focused on an association of the executive framework of countries. Resemblances and dissimilarities of elite sport systems should be shown among nations. Hence, significant research has been carried out on different features of practice in the earlier socialist states. Familiar individuality of these elite sport systems are appreciation of sport and physical education within legal law, identifying young talent throughout schools, elevated training facility in school, prerequisite of expert coaches, monetary support, precedence to technical study and system of game medication (Sotiriadou, Gowthorp and Bosscher 2014). Both Canada and Australia have accepted guiding principles of selected group progress that are extremely secure to the Soviet replica in numeral of major compliments (Clemente, Martins and Mendes 2016). This observable fact can be exemplified by a universal globalization procedure. A rising propensity is discovered to expand ordinary sporting approaches in those countries. There is scope for assortment and escalating variation compared the organism of ability recognition and growth of talent in Russia, China, United States , France and Italy. Presently, a significant research has been done on influential sports schemes in Russia, China, United States, Italy, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Germany and Austria (Klostermann and Nagal 2014). Attractive innovative insights are provided into how influential activity constructions control relative to worldwide sporting achievement. Elite Sports Policy According to Jarvie (2013), the procedures of influential sport strategy vary in three nations and three sports have been explored in revolutionary research related to best sport policies. Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) has been used as an implement for appreciative the increase in the following precedence specified to selected game (Elgin and Weible 2013). Comparison among the nations has been discussed. A depth study in four areas of elite sport policy has been offered. These areas are expansion of influential level amenities, appearance of full-time contestants, progress in training, game medicine and game science and rivalry chances for privileged level sportspersons. An overview of fundamentals for global success has been provided in few researches. This study has used the preceding study on game schemes to describe the input features needed to reach global sporting achievement. Nine types of imperative factors are found to establish accomplishment. A specified model can cov er neither all nations, nor all sports. Three main features are accountable for global achievement. These factors are monetary sustain for training centres and people, a continuing incorporated Olympic game structure in addition to athletic talent. Time for training, sports medication back up, worldwide competition, well-trained full-time coaches, early identification of talent, a superior communication system, access for all and an steady line up through the scheme are also responsible for international success. It is important to identify objects that may be observed as consistent in the mentioned countries. There should be an obvious perceptive about the position of the special actions involved and an effectual communiqu network that keeps the system. It is necessary to identify the effortlessness of management through ordinary fair and following boundaries (Bouchet, Hillairet and Bodet 2013). An efficient system should be introduced for the statistical recognition, checking of the development of endowed athlete. Sports services should make an brilliance culture in which all teammates can cooperate with one another. A base for the formation of a widespread form of aspects that amplify worldwide sporting achievement should be provided. Importance of Coaches for Athletes Achievement A theoretical model has not been derived with logical issues put into equipped criterion that may be empirically experienced. Hence, further study is mandatory to appreciate well why this propensity happens. An enduring study is needed. Guidelines vary over more than 10 years have been analysed. The important constituent absent in all of the preceding attempts to represent game plan impacts on victory has been the participation of coaches and athletes, since the main stakeholders accountable for carrying victory for the country. According to Hylton (2013), it is necessary to hub on individual inherited characters. Exciting information has been provided on various responsibilities of game strategies in pathway of a sportsperson to attainment the pinnacle. It is not as much of difficult to query coaches and athletes as to judge against countries at the MESO-level. Many assessments have done to recognize the features that influence the individual achievement of athletes. It is necessary to hub on the cluster for whose advantage an organization mainly subsists. This loom is identified as the multiple-constituency replica of the efficiency of organizations. It approves the measures depending on the values and preferences of external and internal organizational participants. The sound conjecture on sports procedure issues foremost to global sporting achievement has not been invented. Study has been done on the selected game environment to classify the determinants of achievement according to the key stakeholders in selected game. About 140 sportspersons, 26 performance directors and 119 coaches have been asked to indicate the five mainly significant external and internal features, which have the supreme impact on the individual sensation of sportspersons (Rocha and Chelladurai 2013).An inductive study leads to the detection of ten parts, of which eight may be sorted out as game strategy areas. The results are roughly equivalent with two analogous micro- level learning in other countries. Unrestricted questions have been asked to recognize what contestants considered them the determinants of achievement. The universal argument is that the vital and essential stipulation for accomplishment is the individual inspiration and commitment of the competitor. Further constantly mentioned aspects that may be classified, as special environment of a sportsperson comprise variables like partner, coach and parents. The superiority of coaching surpassed all other issues in terms of its significance at MESO-level. Need to categorize the factors that lead to global sporting success The apparent consequence of economic sustains, training chances, structural support, training amenities and rivalry emerges in every study. Hence, sustain should be supplied to exploit the authority of special favourable things. Therefore, revises at micro-level are attractive because there may be an unplanned outcome at MESO-level. Thus, it can be said that a variety of features have given to the achievement of individual athletes and elite sporting of nations (Ratten 2018). Nevertheless, none of the studies provides a general idea in such a manner that the erratics are obviously distinct and quantifiable for utilize in international comparisons. The main endeavour of the study is to deliberate in one place the numerous distinct resources appraised. Hence, it is necessary to categorize the reasons that guide to worldwide sporting achievement. Based on the secondary sources and obtainable literature on selected game schemes, research on the determinants of achievement at strategy level, and basics for achievement as par coaches and athletes are the key stakeholders in selected game (Doherty 2013). All sources can be clustered into a small number of strategy areas that have an imperative impact on global honourable accomplishment (Kim et al. 2013). Exceptional consideration may be provided to the sportsperson who is identified as talented during the talent development phase. Some athletes among remaining athletes may lastly achieve the peak and begin to execute at intercontinental stage. This profession path looks like a pyramid because numerous competitors drop out throughout these phases (Sotiriadou, Gowthorp and Bosscher, 2014). This theory of pyramid is frequently criticized, as a number of abilities are not chosen from a sport's contributor support. The majority of athletes have a propensity to discover the ancestry in game for all. Three stages of participant growth as defined are analogous in games, science and arts. A fourth stage is reached when the career of an athletic ends. These evolutions in an athletes sporting career are frequently escorted by social, psychological and academic changes occur at different times. The swelling consequence of these evolutions habitually generates anxiety for participants (Bosscher a nd Bottenburg 2013 Hence, brawny sustain structures are mandatory to expand the best microclimate in which the sportsperson can expand successfully. The other entire pillars hub on what is best for the development of athlete. Hence, it is necessary to define best purpose of game strategies so that selected contestants can execute in most favourable conditions at every phase of their professions. Training and Financial Support Financial resources and an incorporated loom to policy growth are required circumstances for the progress of athletic and sport professions within a specified game. The monetary and HR are the contributions of game strategy. More prospects can be created for contestants to train under ideal circumstances by investing more in sport. Many nations have enhanced generous performance after rising speculation in influential sports. This is happened frequently after disappointment at significant global proceedings. These events focus consideration of policy creator on suggestions towards better elite sports instruction plans. This may improve the opportunities of success it (Brouwers, Sotiriado and Bosscher 2015). The procedures behind the throughput or policy submit to the competence of sports strategies. Inputs can be handled to create the necessary productivities in optimal methods. Hence, a well-built managerial construction is essential. It is replicated in the second support of the model. There is no agreement or predilection for the need of centralization or elevated government interference in selected sport policies. A management of elite sport scheme is required. A superior communiqu scheme and understandable task metaphors are more essential than the exact scenery of the liberation medium. Besides, the significance of effortlessness of administration is indicated through general political and sporting limitations as another significant thing. Nine Pillars for an Athletes Success Nine bunches of plan areas can be recognized. Every clusters contain numerous sub-criteria that may be evaluated on an international foundation to elucidate why countries shine in privileged game. It is seen that pillars three, four and five are a rational evolution (Bosscher, Shilbil and Westerbeek, 2015). The progression starts when a sportsperson is introduced to a definite sport. Pillar 1 is a pointer of the contribution; pillars from two to nine are indicators of throughput. Criteria should be measured in a multidimensional approach at each phase of the input, output cycle and throughput (Shibli and Bosscher 2013). Reserves in four other supports in the throughput phase are necessary for the growth of selected sportspersons. These pillars are training conveniences, the stipulation and progress of coaches, competition structures and, technical research and sports medication support. Pillars 6, 7 and 8 need particular concentration at both the development and the elite level. Adequate competent coaches at club stage and excellent nationwide rivalry arrangement permit youthful talents to be capable in their game (Bosscher, Shibli and Westerbeek 2015). Once sportspersons complete at a higher stage and train frequently, there is require for more specific apparatus and amenities with suitable convenience, coaches with proficiency and information at the influential stage, and enough chances for sportspersons to contribute in global competition. The performance of global sporting events has a constructive consequence on the achievement of the crowd country. Hence, a positive loom to hosting global game proceedings can also be viewed as a feature that persuades worldwide sporting success. According to Holt and Knight (2014), useful investigate and a system of 17 sports medication are vital things for countries who desire to break others. Awards and Medals: Motivation of Athlete Results in selected game may be undoubtedly defined, for instance, the number of awards triumphed throughout the Olympic Games or other proceedings. The model usually demonstrates that the growth of more sportspersons with award winning ability needs a holistic loom to the selected game. Selected sportsperson are gradually more the product of an enduring planned setting up procedure. It is expected that 8-10 years and 10,000 training hours be required to be a specialist in games. Countries may not amplify the opportunities of accomplishment by endowing in a few supports. It is essential to discover the most appropriate intermingle of all pillars for their precise situations (Liston, Gergg and Lowther 2013). Some less convenient variables are also significant indicators for victory. Elite sport exists within the environment. The environment comprises issues like media depiction of game, sponsorships, and the custom of victory, game ethnicity and tradition of game in a nation. These concerns can only be forced on by game strategies to a restricted amount and consequently do not belong to the MESO-stage of the categorization. Conclusion Here, a compound recital model of sports strategy issues has been discussed. SPLISS is a model of nine pillars of sports policy factors. The factors are financial support, structure of sport policies, foundation and participation, talent identification, post career support, training facilities, coaching provision, international competition and scientific research. These factors may guide to augmented invention of sportspersons with ability of endearing award. The replica is characterized by focusing on the contestant as an innermost stakeholder in selected game systems. Every supports should be evidently defined. The objective of this framework is to provide an outline of foremost sports policy areas. It aspires to recognize essential matters and to create critical queries in a standard research of selected game systems. New strategies may be developed in a competitive atmosphere. These strategies should be applied empirically. Selected sports environment and policies in several countries should be compared at national stage. The aim of the study is to progress the awareness about the sports strategy determinants that are significant for global success. Due to lack of data, the association between success and sports policies cannot be computed. It is difficult to find the partial correlation coefficient of one factor, controlling other factors. SPLISS involves over 18 countries. It is reasonably believable that this structure will need modification before it can be used significantly in countries with diverse cultures and dissimilar sport schemes. It is impracticable to generate individual model for amplifying global success. Sport is an indication of the cultural structure of a nation. The excitement for sport of Australia might be a stronger elucidation for achievement than any other variable. The athletes from Netherlands are more successful in sport than Flanders because they are more accomplishment oriented, better planners and less probable to stay away from unsure situations. Due to lack of data availability, international comparison is used to identify the factors that influence worldwide sporting success. Macro level factors such as GDP and population have become less precise predictors of nations performance in elite sport. Australia is an instance of a country, which has now been proficient to progress the performance in selected game with an unpretentious raise in population. Determinants at macro-level are responsible for more than half of Olympic achievement and this may be more in emergent countries. Policies can be changed through the factors that are at MESO-level. Many countries have adopted premeditated approaches towards the growth of best athletes. It will be difficult for nations to prevail many awards with a fixed level of asset because generous systems are stirring increasingly towards uniformity globally. Hence, it can be concluded that nations should emphasize more on setting up for achievement in a wide-ranging method. References: Akura, M.T. and Avci, S.B., 2014. How to make global cities: Information communication technologies and macro-level variables.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,89, pp.68-79. Anderson, M.K. and Parr, G.P., 2013.Foundations of athletic training: Prevention, assessment, and management. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Baugh, C.M., Kroshus, E., Daneshvar, D.H., Filali, N.A., Hiscox, M.J. and Glantz, L.H., 2015. Concussion management in United States college sports: compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association concussion policy and areas for improvement.The American journal of sports medicine,43(1), pp.47-56. Bouchet, P., Hillairet, D. and Bodet, G., 2013.Sport brands. Routledge. Broglio, S.P., Cantu, R.C., Gioia, G.A., Guskiewicz, K.M., Kutcher, J., Palm, M. and McLeod, T.C.V., 2014. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: management of sport concussion.Journal of athletic training,49(2), pp.245-265. Brouwers, J., Sotiriadou, P. and De Bosscher, V., 2015. Sport-specific policies and factors that influence international success: The case of tennis.Sport Management Review,18(3), pp.343-358. Buchanan, G.M. and Seligman, M. eds., 2013.Explanatory style. Routledge. Clemente, F.M., Martins, F.M.L. and Mendes, R.S., 2016.Social network analysis applied to team sports analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing. De Bosscher, V., Shibil, S., Westerbeek, H. and Van Bottenburg, M., 2015.Successful elite sport policies: An international comparison of the Sportspolicy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Meyer Meyer Verlag. De Bosscher, V., van Bottenburg, M., Shibli, S. and De Knop, P., 2013. Managing high performance sport at the national policy level.Managing high performance sport, pp.45-64. Doherty, A., 2013. Investing in sport management: The value of good theory.Sport Management Review,16(1), pp.5-11. Elgin, D.J. and Weible, C.M., 2013. A stakeholder analysis of Colorado climate and energy issues using policy analytical capacity and the advocacy coalition framework.Review of Policy Research,30(1), pp.114-133. Hallmann, K., Breuer, C. and Khnreich, B., 2013. Happiness, pride and elite sporting success: What population segments gain most from national athletic achievements?.Sport Management Review,16(2), pp.226-235. Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J. and Geor, R.J., 2013.Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Holt, N.L. and Knight, C.J., 2014.Parenting in youth sport: From research to practice. Routledge. Hwang, B.G., Zhao, X. and Gay, M.J.S., 2013. Public private partnership projects in Singapore: Factors, critical risks and preferred risk allocation from the perspective of contractors.International Journal of Project Management,31(3), pp.424-433. Hylton, K. ed., 2013.Sports development. Routledge. Jarvie, G., 2013.Sport, culture and society: an introduction. Routledge. Kelly, K.C., Jordan, E.M., Joyner, A.B., Burdette, G.T. and Buckley, T.A., 2014. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic trainers' concussion-management practice patterns.Journal of athletic training,49(5), pp.665-673. Kim, W., Jun, H.M., Walker, M. and Drane, D., 2015. Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation.Tourism Management,48, pp.21-32. Klostermann, C. and Nagel, S., 2014. Changes in German sport participation: Historical trends in individual sports.International review for the sociology of sport,49(5), pp.609-634. Liston, K., Gregg, R. and Lowther, J., 2013. Elite sports policy and coaching at the coalface.International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics,5(3), pp.341-362. Prentice, W.E. and Arnheim, D.D., 2013.Essentials of athletic injury management. McGraw-Hill. Ratten, V., 2018.Sport Entrepreneurship: Developing and Sustaining an Entrepreneurial Sports Culture. Springer. Rocha, C.M. and Chelladurai, P., 2013. Patterns of bureaucracy in intercollegiate athletic departments.Journal of Sport Management,27(2), pp.114-129. Sandbakk, . and Holmberg, H.C., 2014. A reappraisal of success factors for Olympic cross-country skiing.International journal of sports physiology and performance,9(1), pp.117-121. Shibli, S., De Bosscher, V., Van Bottenburg, M. and Westerbeek, H., 2013. Measuring performance and success in elite sports.Managing high performance sport, pp.30-44. Sotiriadou, P., Gowthorp, L. and De Bosscher, V., 2014. Elite sport culture and policy interrelationships: The case of Sprint Canoe in Australia.Leisure Studies,33(6), pp.598-617. Woratschek, H., Horbel, C. and Popp, B., 2014. The sport value frameworka new fundamental logic for analyses in sport management.European Sport Management Quarterly,14(1), pp.6-24.

Morality And Ethics And Computers Essays - Professional Ethics

Morality and Ethics and Computers There are many different sides to the discussion on moral and ethical uses of computers. In many situations, the morality of a particular use of a computer is up to the individual to decide. For this reason, absolute laws about ethical computer usage is almost, but not entirely, impossible to define. The introduction of computers into the workplace has introduced many questions as well: Should employers make sure the workplace is designed to minimize health risks such as back strain and carpal tunnel syndrome for people who work with computers? Can employers prohibit employees from sending personal memos by electronic mail to a friend at the other side of the office? Should employers monitor employees' work on computers? If so, should employees be warned beforehand? If warned, does that make the practice okay? According to Kenneth Goodman, director of the Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy at the University of Miami, who teaches courses in computer ethics, "There's hardly a business that's not using computers."1 This makes these questions all the more important for today's society to answer. There are also many moral and ethical problems dealing with the use of computers in the medical field. In one particular case, a technician trusted what he thought a computer was telling him, and administered a deadly dose of radiation to a hospital patient.2 In cases like these, it is difficult to decide who's fault it is. It could have been the computer programmer's fault, but Goodman asks, "How much responsibility can you place on a machine?"3 Many problems also occur when computers are used in education. Should computers replace actual teachers in the classroom? In some schools, computers and computer manuals have already started to replace teachers. I would consider this an unethical use of computers because computers do not have the ability to think and interact on an interpersonal basis. Computers "dehumanize human activity"4 by taking away many jobs and making many others "boring exercises in pushing the buttons that make the technology work." 5 Complete privacy is almost impossible in this computer age. By using a credit card or check cashing card, entering a raffle, or subscribing to a magazine, people provide information about themselves that can be sold to marketers and distributed to data bases throughout the world. When people use the world-wide web, the sites they visit and download things from, make a record that can be traced back to the person.6 This is not protected, as it is when books are checked out of a library. Therefore, information about someone's personal preferences and interests can be sold to anyone. A health insurance company could find out if a particular person had bought alcohol or cigarettes and charge that person a higher rate because he or she is a greater health risk. Although something like this has not been reported yet, there are no laws against it, at this point. More and more data base companies are monitoring individuals with little regulation. "Other forms of monitoring-such as genetic screening-could eventually be used to discriminate against individuals not because of their past but because of statistical expectations about their future."7 For instance, people who do not have AIDS but carry the antibodies are being discharged from the U.S. military and also fired from some jobs. Who knows if this kind of medical information could lead employers to make decisions of employment based on possible future illnesses rather than on job qualifications. Is this an ethical use of computers? One aspect of computers that is surely immoral and unethical is computer crime, which has been on the rise lately. There are many different types of computer crime. Three main types of crimes are making computer viruses, making illegal copies of software, and actually stealing computers. Computer viruses have been around for a decade but they became infamous when the Michelangelo virus caused a scare on March 6, 1992. According to the National Computer Security Association in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, there are 6000 known viruses worldwide and about 200 new ones show up every month.8 These viruses are spread quickly and easily and can destroy all information on a computer's hard drive. Now, people must buy additional software just to detect viruses and possibly repair infected files. Making illegal copies of software is also a growing problem in the computer world. Most people find no problem in buying a computer program and giving a copy to their friend or co-worker. Some people even make copies and sell them

Free Essays on Childhood and Adolescent Behavioral Problems

Summary: 9 pages. 10 sources. APA format. This paper investigates the issues and the psychological development of conduct disorder in both the childhood and the adolescent years. The diagnosis of conduct disorder shall be compared and contrasted against oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and the correlation that conduct disorder has with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Standard medical definitions for these disorders, as well as the growing body of literature on this field, are included to better round out the discussion and to signify the impact of such disorders on children and adolescents. Addressing Childhood and Adolescent Behavioral Problems: Diagnosis Criteria and the Role of the School Psychologist Introduction This paper shall examine the field of child psychology in respect to the topic of conduct disorder (CD). In child psychology, conduct disorder is an extremely difficult subject to accurately address and clarify, due primarily to the need to distinguish between normal childhood behaviors and the onset or development of an actual disorder. Once a child matures to the stage where he or she is allowed into the school system, however, it becomes pressing to identify and clarify the presence of CD in order to better assess the behaviors of that child. This paper shall investigate the issues and the psychological development of conduct disorder in both the childhood and the adolescent years. The diagnosis of conduct disorder shall be compared and contrasted against oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and the correlation that conduct disorder has with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Standard medical definitions for these disorders, as well as the growing body of literature on this field, shall be included to better round out the discussion and to signify the impact of such disorders on children and adolescents. Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder (CD) is defined by th... Free Essays on Childhood and Adolescent Behavioral Problems Free Essays on Childhood and Adolescent Behavioral Problems Summary: 9 pages. 10 sources. APA format. This paper investigates the issues and the psychological development of conduct disorder in both the childhood and the adolescent years. The diagnosis of conduct disorder shall be compared and contrasted against oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and the correlation that conduct disorder has with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Standard medical definitions for these disorders, as well as the growing body of literature on this field, are included to better round out the discussion and to signify the impact of such disorders on children and adolescents. Addressing Childhood and Adolescent Behavioral Problems: Diagnosis Criteria and the Role of the School Psychologist Introduction This paper shall examine the field of child psychology in respect to the topic of conduct disorder (CD). In child psychology, conduct disorder is an extremely difficult subject to accurately address and clarify, due primarily to the need to distinguish between normal childhood behaviors and the onset or development of an actual disorder. Once a child matures to the stage where he or she is allowed into the school system, however, it becomes pressing to identify and clarify the presence of CD in order to better assess the behaviors of that child. This paper shall investigate the issues and the psychological development of conduct disorder in both the childhood and the adolescent years. The diagnosis of conduct disorder shall be compared and contrasted against oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and the correlation that conduct disorder has with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Standard medical definitions for these disorders, as well as the growing body of literature on this field, shall be included to better round out the discussion and to signify the impact of such disorders on children and adolescents. Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder (CD) is defined by th...

How to Pronounce the French X

How to Pronounce the French X Generally, the letter x is used in one of two ways in French: by itself or in combination with c (xc). X: Soft Pronunciation The x is pronounced like the x in the English word fix [ks] in two locations: 1) in front of a  consonant  or 2) at the end of a word or syllable.  Listen   Examples: the letter xune experience experience, experimentla taxe tax Exception:  The x at the end of French  numbers such as  six  and  dix  is pronounced like an S. X: Hard Pronunciation Between two vowels in two different syllables, the x is pronounced [gz] as in exit. ListenException:  The x in  xà ©rà ¨s  is pronounced [gz]. Examples:   le xylophone xylophoneexact exact, correct Liaison  or  Enchaà ®nement In  pronunciations that involve  liaison  or  enchaà ®nement, x is pronounced like a z. XC: Soft Pronunciation In front of a  soft vowel xc is pronounced [ks], like the soft x  pronunciation in which the c is essentially silent. Listen to  excentrà ©. Examples: excellent excellentexcentrà © outlying XC: Hard Pronunciation In front of a hard vowel or a  consonant,  xc is pronounced [ksk], like the soft x plus a hard c. Essentially, they are pronounced individually according to their traditional rules. Listen to  express.   Examples:   excusez-moi excuse meexclamation exclamationexpress espresso

The World's Poorest Countries Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The World's Poorest Countries - Assignment Example Countries with GDP per capita of $765 or lesser than that are declared to be the poor countries (The 10 poorest countries of the world, n. d) According to International monetary fund and the CIA world factbook, Zimbabwe was declared as the poorest country in the world in the year 2010. The study of the list of poorest country in the world also brings into notice that among the top 10 poorest country in the world, 9 of them are from the region of Africa which reflects the vulnerability of the African region. The table below shows the list of the top 10 poorest countries along with their respective GDP during the year 2010 as declared by the International monitory fund. Countries Annual GDP per- capita (in $) Zimbabwe 0.1 Democratic republic of Congo 334 Liberia 379 Burundi 401 Somalia 600 Niger 736 Eritrea 739 Sierra Leone 747 Afghanistan 800 (Top 10 poorest countries in the world 2010, 2010) Poverty is reigning in most of the countries. The causes underlying the poverty are varied in nature. It is not always the people who are responsible for the predicament. The governments of the country play a major role in framing policies which leads to the successful development, whereas failure from their behalf makes the people suffer for years. The leaders of the developed countries are also responsible as their external influences often make the government of poor countries helpless and results in unequal rules of trade. Structural adjustment has been one of the prime causes of poverty. To attract the investment form the developed nations, poor countries try to reduce the wage structure and provide cheaper resources but ultimately it results in the degradation of the economy and increases the poverty level among the people.... The study of the various socio economic conditions of the poorer nations reveals the fact that the opportunity of free trade is not present in the countries. The important factor required in the success of the free trade lies in the fact that the nations entering into the free trade should possess skills and resource to produce cost effective goods and services with which they can trade with other countries. It has been portrayed that the absence of adequate capital, labor and infrastructure prevails in most of the countries. The paper studies in detail about the various aspects of the poorer countries and studies whether any possibility of free trade exists among the poorer nations. The option of free trade would have definitely helped the countries to recover from their overall financial crisis, but the preliminary requirements of entering into the free trade are absent among the countries as highlighted in the study. It is recommended that the poorer nations should prevent them from entering into the free trade agreements unless and until they have the necessary infrastructure and they improve on their core sectors of the economy. If the countries decide to enter into free trade, it would become much more vulnerable for them instead of helping their situation. However the countries should make a strong effort in improving their conditions so that they are in a position to enter free trade as it will really provide an added advantage to them in the days to come. Help from the developed nations of the wo rld are also required for the promotion of free trade among the poorer nations.

A Memoir tells a story of an important moment in our lives and its Essay

A Memoir tells a story of an important moment in our lives and its significance to us - Essay Example Many of them were standing here and there, talking in groups. Some of them expressed the dislike and arrogance to the new comers. As a student who, at the first time coming out of the security of home, I was homesick and worried very much. I did not see any one really. How can I, since I was blind with tears? Many of them were using English fluently. They asked something to me also. I did not give a reply since I was unable to open my mouth. At that moment I noticed one girl standing among the old students of the hostel. They were asking her many questions .It was not a dialogue, but it was an interview that I heard. From there conversation I came to know that her name was Treesa. I did not see a tint of fear or agitation on the face of that girl. She was bold and courageous. I also felt a slight admiration for her at any corner my heart. Sometimes I wished to become someone like her. Treesa became the favorite one for all among the new comers. She talked well and also became friendl y with all the students within one day. I found her consoling some other students who were bitterly crying for keeping themselves away from their kith and kin. I heard many others talking about Treesa. Though I felt friendly with her I did not show that forwardness to her. That day came!, the day on which we wanted to self –introduce to the inmates of the hostel . Usually it was after one week of the entry. I heard many stories about that day from some of the seniors who were friendly to me. Among them there was a girl who had fainted during the question hour. But now she was the chief among those fellows to interview the new ‘preys ‘. The session was divided into three. During the first part which lasted for three or four minutes, we wanted to introduce ourselves. The second part which was also lasted for three or four minutes, they would ask some questions to us. In the last session, we wanted to present a programme, a song, mono act ,dance or any other item whi ch they felt, would entertain them . I had already learned one song. All of us were expressing each other the worries and thoughts about the ‘impending disaster ‘, which would envelop them at any moment. All were prepared well with at least some programme and I overheard some of them even practicing the same secretly in their rooms. But our Treesa was very confident all the time. Some prickly girls even commented that since Treesa was the pet of all she would not have to face a tough time with the inmates. Somehow it started!!. Those who finished their session expressed the relief in many different ways. It was the time for Treesa. Everybody pierced through the sides to see what would happen on stage. Treesa introduced herself. The audience asked her to sing a song. She sang melodiously and the applause lasted even for one minute. Suddenly everybody heard a piercing sound. â€Å"Will you sing a fast number?† Yes, very coolly she accepted. Everybody enjoyed it well . For the second time another question came,† a rock please†. She did that also well. The chief among them came with a different one â€Å" What about a raga†, To the amazement of all, with same unstirred mind, Treesa sang a beautiful raga. Treesa confronted with another question now. â€Å"Who taught you these songs†. â€Å"My DAD†, the answer came soon. What is your father? , â€Å"He is a business man†. Where is your Dad doing business, What kind business is he doing? There were many questions ... but the answer was â€Å"

Aristotle and Plato Compared Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Plato Compared Essay In the second book of The Politics, Aristotle digresses from Plato’s recommendations and provides a counter framework for what he believes is an ideal state. The best ideal state according to Aristotle is one that is not ruled by philosopher kings. This main feature of rulership is what distances Aristotle from Plato. Is it natural for there to be a group of philosophers ruling? Is it natural that these philosophers must be removed from private life? These are the questions Aristotle deals with in the second book of The Politics. In his book, Aristotle also details the role of women, slaves and foreigners. Plato would definitely be upset with his student Aristotle because of the main fact of his idea of rulership and the removal of the philosopher class. It is important to note that although Aristotle’s ideal state has greater exclusivity of groups than Plato; its benefits are far greater and practical in creating virtuous citizens. This essay will go on to discuss and critically analyze the main features of human nature, communalism, and private property of both philosophers. Before we encounter Aristotle’s practicable state we must look at Plato’s idea of communalism. Plato highlights that it is philosopher kings who should rule and be removed from private life. His notions are quite extreme because of the mere fact that his form of rulership is one that is stripped from attaining wealth and also familial roles. One can argue that this notion is doomed to fail. If this notion of communalism were to be established in a city-state, citizens would not be able to tell who there biological siblings are, which can evidently lead to incest. Another critique to Plato’s communalism is the fact that citizens would have no attachment each other and can disrupt social interaction. For example, some of the best aspects of social interaction will be eliminated if property was communal. For all citizens must share everything, or nothing, or some things but not others. It is evidently impossible for them to share nothing. For a constitution is a sort of community, and so they must, in the first instance, share their location, and citizens share that one city-state. But is it better to share some things but not others? For the citizens could share children, women, and property with one another as in Plato’s Republic. For Socrates claims there that children, women and property should be communal. (The Politics 372). Through this quote one can gather the belief that unity is impossible through this communal relationship and is only derived through hard work. This quote is very significant because it explains sharing children and women, and gives the notion that everybody in the city-state is alike, however this is not the case. A city-state is made up of a variety of citizens. Let us use this example in today’s society; will it be possible for the sharing of children, women and property in the city of Toronto? Although this is an extreme example, being that Toronto is a multicultural city; it parallels the city-state on so many levels. Plato would be upset with Aristotle’s ideal state because the majority of Plato’s demands are too far-fetched and cannot be practiced. Trying to make a city-state too much a unity or a household is not a better policy (The Politics 372). The institution of family is natural and the outright removal does not bring about virtue. As civic virtue is most practiced when given individual care and not communal care. Through Aristotle’s natural arguments we begin to see him classify roles for women Aristotle felt that the household consisted of three parts: one is mastership, another that of a father, and a third marital (The Politics 370). â€Å"For a male unless he is somehow constituted contrary to nature, is naturally more fitted to lead than a female, and someone older and completely developed is naturally more fitted to lead than someone younger and incompletely developed† (The Politics 370). This criterion proves to be dangerous in a city-state as it provides for domination and a creation of a hierarchy filled with discrimination of gender and age in this society. Slaves are another group of people that seize to exist in Aristotle’s model. Aristotle points that a slave is among things that exist through nature. Although it is not ideal for there to be slaves, it is practical and benefits the city. Plato points out that Greeks should not make other Greeks slave; this gives the impression that it is still okay to have slavery in the city. Noting that anyone who is not Greek are considered Barbarians and worthy of being slaved. Aristotle’s approach was to rationalize the use of slavery, stating that some people are slaves because they are incapable of responsibility. However we cannot dismiss the role of slaves in the city-state. Slaves play a functioning part of society and allow for the working class to have leisure. In trying to obtain an end with good and happiness, it is crucial that the middle class has leisure which allows for a space to â€Å"think† and discuss things with others, using practical wisdom in concert with others. Aristotle also justifies slavery as the natural use of their bodies. Questions of morality begin to arise; Are these justifications legitimate? At an individual level it is immoral, however in terms of a well functioning city-state slavery benefits a larger number of people (political process). The benefits are greater because it complements the organic hierarchy; where there are multiple parts that make the city-state function. Aristotle points out that private property is not only necessary but beneficial in providing for a functioning city-state. This goes against Plato’s appeal for rulership to have a communist lifestyle stripped from private property. Plato seems to be demanding too much and does not take into account that men naturally try to gain access to private property. The mere removal of private property does not seem practical, and Aristotle states that you can have some form of property that is communal. For example, the land might be grown separately, but the crops grown on it are communally stored or consumed; or the land might be owned and farmed communally, while the crops grown on it are divided up among individuals for private use (The Politics 374). Here is why Plato is upset with Aristotle’s features; he uses Plato’s Utopian idea of private property and dissects it to one which can be applied to a practical state. The major theme of what is â€Å"natural† emerges in both philosophers. It is hard to determine what is in our nature and how it effects our political position. Aristotle cleverly uses nature as a way to justify the notions of communalism, slavery, exclusion of women and private property. One can attribute Plato’s anger of Aristotle’s practicable state to his radical change in the aforementioned categories. Although Aristotle’s exclusion of women and slaves are far greater than Plato’s; the benefits applying it to his system of a practicable city-state cannot go unnoticed. Works Cited Classics of moral and political theory. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co. , 2005. Print.

Teen Pregnancy Essay example -- Teenage Pregnancy

There is a lot of teen mothers growing up in this world wondering, what if I would have stayed in school? W hat could I have become? Would it have made my life easier if I had thought first? There is many causes for teen pregnancy. They lead to the need for the desire of love by another person. One might have a poor home life and would want something like their peers have. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance. However, many teens that have a wonderful family and are very confidante arnt looking for the few minutes of pleasure. As several teens use the excuse that sex feels better without a condom pregnancy is likely to occur just because of that simple saying. Having a child comes with a lot of responsibility. Teens don’t think of the consequences of their actions. Children take up a lot of time, which also means, no more school. The teen should first understand that all their free time is lost, that she will have to find some way to live for herself and the child, and that any future plans are now not what she was planning. It all comes down to the education of the teen. The more they know about sex and it’s consequences at a young age the less likely they are to go out and be irresponsible about it. Teenagers that learn about different types of protection and how they work is some times one of the best ways for them to think befor they act. Every year one million teenage girls become pregnant in the United States. Teen pregnancy is a major problem in the United States. There are more teenage pregnancies in the United States than all other countries. in this day and age the rate of teenagers who become pregnant has increased. I am not one of them, but having a few fr... ...l regret your choice. The precents of teenagers getting pregnate without being married , I agree on. Teens are usualy left alone rasing their baby by their selfs. that’s why condoms and other helpful things exsicist. If having a relation ship between the opposite sex if the only cure for you problems think twice! Teens like me should be more muter. Besides wondering of into a world that carrys out to a risk in your life. Do some research, think befor you act and is that what you realy want. Just to please the opposite sex by actualy letting them in you, should have to be a second thought. You should amidiatly say no if the opposite sex isn’t married with you in anyway. Being a pregnate teen is alot of responsibility. All in all many teens please their opposite sex by the wrong way. So always researching on what you realy plan on doing is a risk in you own life.

Examine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologist’s choice of research methods Essay

Many sociologists argue that theoretical issues are the most important factors to affect choice of method. Theoretical issues refer to what we think society is like and if we can obtain an accurate and truthful picture of it. There are four different concerns regarding theoretical issues which influence sociologist’s choice of research methods. Validity is a method that gives a true or genuine picture of what something is really like, which helps the researcher easily find out the truth. Sociologists argue that the use of qualitative methods such as Participant Observation gives a more valid, truthful account as it provides us with a deeper insight through firsthand experience. The next issue that influences sociologist’s choice is reliability which comes from Latin, replica meaning an exact copy of something. This results in the method being able to be repeated and creates a less bias and more accurate research again and again. Quantitative methods such as written ques tionnaires can be used as they are more reliable results than qualitative methods such as unstructured interviews. Another theoretical issue is representativeness which refers to how much of the characteristics you are looking for is represented by the people being studied. For example if a sociologist is researching single parent homes, you will not interview nuclear families, because they are not representing the variables they are looking for. Similarly if someone is investigating delinquency, they will not conduct their research in a place that is very well developed or a place that has a lot of wealthy people living there, because it would not be representative of the phenomena they wish to study. The last theoretical issue is methological perspective which is a choice of method that is influenced by their perspective – their view of what society is and how we should study it. There are two contrasting perspectives on choice of methods: positivism – which prefers quantitative data and seeks to discover patterns of behaviour and see’s sociology as a science. Whereas the interpretive perspective prefer qualitative data and seek to understand social actors (those who exercise free will) meanings, they reject the view that sociolog y is a science. However with practical issues may be seen as an important factor which influences sociologists choice of research methods. It is important to understand the topic or group being studied. For  example, if the topic is sensitive, such as domestic violence, bullying, grades at school etc. For sensitive information, unstructured interviews would be the best research method as the researcher can build up a rapport with the participant, meaning that the participant would be more likely to open up to the researcher. For example, Dobash and Dobash carried out informal interviews on women who had experienced domestic violence. Another practical factor that affects choice of method is the social characteristics of the researcher. For example a 30 year old man from the upper middle class would find it impossible to pass off as a 17 year old female sixth form student from a working class area. This would mean that they wouldn’t be able to use covert participant observation as a research method. Instead, they should use questionnaires for information if they need quantitative data (e.g. roughly how many hours they do homework for) or semi-structured interviews if they wanted qualitative data (e.g. to talk about if they were happy with their subject choice). Lastly some sociologists may agree that ethical issues has the biggest impact on the choice of research methods – ethical issues involve right and wrong or what is considered good, and what is considered evil in a society. The methods that sociologists use to study people may raise a range of ethical questions. There has been a guideline put in place by The British Sociological Association for the conduct of research. Vulnerable groups which special care should be taken where research participants are particularly vulnerable because of their ethnic background, age, physical or mental health. For example when a researcher is studying children at school, they should regard an issue of child protection and need consent from both the child and the parent/career and provide information that children can understand. Confientiality and privary where researchers must keep the identity of research partipcants secret in order to help prevent possible negative effects of them. They should also respect the privary of research participants. Personal information conserning any participant should be kept confidential. In conclusion Theoretical issues is the biggest influence of their choice of research methods because of the major influence on the choice of research topic; for example a new right research er will want to study the effect of welfare benefits on the growth of lone-parent  families, since the idea of welfare dependency is central to their standpoint. Contrastingly, a feminist researcher will likely be more inclined to choose to study domestic violence, as opposition to gender oppressions lies at the core of feminist theory

Environmental Conflicts In Literature

Conflicts are a very prominent element in literature. If you were to look up the dictionary definition of conflict, you would find that it is a struggle, controversy, or fight. Conflicts can take many forms, and each has its own place in literature. Environmental conflicts are certainly one of the more recognized and appreciated types of conflicts. They are easy to identify, understand, and analyze. An environment can be described as ones surroundings, so logically, an environmental conflict is a conflict with ones surroundings. Environmental conflicts pit man against a greater power, and it is unsure what will happen next. Throughout [good] literature, a vast array of environmental conflicts can be found. Let us take a look at Leiningen Versus the Ants, by Carl Stephenson. In this story, environmental conflicts are exceedingly prevalent. In fact, the entire story is built upon the act of God that Leiningen faces. A twenty square mile army of ants threatens Leiningens plantation and his life. The ants prove to be a formidable opponent, even for a man of such cunning as Leiningen. They represent the power and unpredictability of naturea perfect example of an environmental conflict. Not all environmental conflicts are huge, apocalyptic, catastrophic events. They can be as simple or commonplace as a tree falling. Such is the case in The Interlopers, by Saki. Saki recognizes the power of nature, and makes use of something so unimportant as a fallen tree to trap Ulrich and Georg beneath it, and dramatically alter the course of the entire story. Not only that, but at the end of the story, Saki uses wolves to change the direction of the story once more, and this time he creates some irony as well. In almost all cases, the environment does triumph over man in some way or another. To Build a Fire, by Jack London is a prime example of this happening to a large extent. A man and his dog are lost in the wilderness at sub-zero temperatures, and he is not only involved in an environmental conflict, but a struggle to live. Eventually the man dies of hypothermia. Again, this is another instance that illustrates the power that nature has over us. Ironically, (as if to drive the point home) the mans dog survives. It is safe to say that environmental conflicts are a truly wonderful and important addition to the literary world. They give the reader a sense of awe toward nature and its power. We cannot predict what nature will do, nor can we deny its supremacy. Because of this, environmental conflicts are often more captivating and suspenseful than other types, and we find a great deal of enjoyment and entertainment from them.

Conjugating the Regular French Verb Choisir (to Choose)

Conjugating the Regular French Verb 'Choisir' ('to Choose') Choisir, to choose, pick, decide, is conjugated as a regular French  -ir  verb. Regular verbs share conjugation patterns in person, number, tense and mood. Verbs with infinitives that end in  -ir  are the second largest category of regular French verbs, after French verbs ending in  -er. Generally speaking, there are five main kinds of  verbs in French: regular  -ir, -er, -re,  stem-changing and  irregular. Once youve learned the rules of conjugation for regular verbs, you should have no problem conjugating them, and this holds true for the regular  -ir  verb  choisir. Conjugating Regular French -ir Verbs To conjugate choisir and all other regular  -ir  verbs, remove the infinitive ending (-ir)  to find the stem (also called the radical), then add the appropriate simple conjugation ending/s shown in the table below. Note that the conjugation table below does not include  the  compound tenses, which consist of  a form of the auxiliary verb  and  the past participle.  Choisir  normally requires the auxiliary verb  avoir  in  compound tenses and moods. For example:  Jai choisi deux là ©gumes verts. I picked two green vegetables.   Other Regular French -ir Verbs Here are just a few of the most common regular  -ir  verbs. Remember, they all have regular conjugations, meaning they all follow the same conjugation patterns, which are those shown in the table. Simply take off the infinitives  -ir  ending and add the appropriate conjugated ending to the stem  in each instance. abolir   to abolishagir  Ã‚  to actavertir  Ã‚  to warnbà ¢tir  Ã‚  to buildbà ©nir  Ã‚  to blesschoisir  Ã‚  to chooseà ©tablir  Ã‚  to establishà ©tourdir  Ã‚  to stun, deafen, make dizzyfinir  Ã‚  to finishgrossir  Ã‚  to gain weight, get fatguà ©rir  Ã‚  to cure, heal, recovermaigrir  Ã‚  to lose weight, get thinnourrir  Ã‚  to feed, nourishobà ©ir  Ã‚  to obeypunir  Ã‚  to punishrà ©flà ©chir  Ã‚  to reflect, thinkremplir  Ã‚  to to fillrà ©ussir   to succeedrougir  Ã‚  to blush, turn redvieillir  Ã‚  to grow old Choisir: Uses and Expressions Choisis ce que tu veux.  Ã‚  Take your pick.Choisis lun ou lautre.   Choose one or the other.Tu as choisi ton moment  ! You picked a swell time!bien / mal choisir   to choose carefully / badlyElle a choisi de rester. She decided to stay.Je nai pas choisi.  Cest arrivà © comme à §a. It wasnt my decision; it just happened.  Il a toujours choisi la solution de facilità ©. He always chose the easy way / solution. Simple Conjugations of the French Regular -ir Verb Choisir Present Future Imperfect Present participle je choisis choisirai choisissais choisissant tu choisis choisiras choisissais il choisit choisira choisissait nous choisissons choisirons choisissions vous choisissez choisirez choisissiez ils choisissent choisiront choisissaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle choisi Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je choisisse choisirais choisis choisisse tu choisisses choisirais choisis choisisses il choisisse choisirait choisit choist nous choisissions choisirions choismes choisissions vous choisissiez choisiriez choistes choisissiez ils choisissent choisiraient choisirent choisissent Imperative (tu) choisis (nous) choisissons (vous) choisissez

No End and To No End

No End and To No End No End and To No End No End and To No End By Maeve Maddox A reader corrected my usage in the following extract from a previous post: Suggesting that one form of speech is preferable to another, however, can annoy people no end. The reader corrected this passage by inserting a to in front of â€Å"no end† Suggesting that one form of speech is preferable to another, however, can annoy people to no end. As I usually do, I assumed that the reader was right and I was wrong, so I launched into my usual double-checking routine: OED, Merriam-Webster, Chicago, etc. I found my use of the expression mirrored in this citation in Merriam-Webster: As they sailed further and further into the south, it got warmer and warmer. Polynesia, Chee-Chee, and the crocodile enjoyed the hot sun no end.- Hugh Lofting, Dr. Doolittle, 1920. Although the online unabridged OED still labels the adverbial use of â€Å"no end† as â€Å"modern slang,† the citations are not particularly modern: 1912 Chamberss Jrnl. Dec. 769/1: ‘I really must show this to Champneys,’ thought Michael; ‘it will please him no end.’ 1955 Essays Studies 8 5: A few clean strokes of Occams razor would have helped Mr. Jackson no end. 1958 H. Babcock I dont want to shoot Elephant 8: I often walk fifteen miles a day while huntingThis puzzles my wife no end. 1970 New Yorker 3 Oct. 90/2: Thomas had been impressed no end by the sight of Klà ¼verfixing an art-and-technology malfunction with a pair of pliers. The Oxford Dictionaries site defines â€Å"no end† as â€Å"to a great extent; very much† and gives this example: â€Å"This cheered me up no end.† The debate surrounding â€Å"to no end† vs â€Å"no end† presents an idiomatic collision similar to that between â€Å"couldn’t care less† and â€Å"could care less.† The Web teems with heated attacks on the to-less version, yet millions of native English-speakers use it to mean the same thing as the one with to. Here are some declarations I found in language forums on the Web from people who prefer â€Å"to no end†: Dictionary or not, the  grammar  of [no end] is very manifestly lacking. It [no end] doesnt sound right to me, it sounds like you missed a word. This Amuses me no end  just sounds silly. I found some objections to â€Å"no end† that were stated even more strongly, but I don’t use that kind of language in my posts. â€Å"No end† has its supporters: [No end] is an idiom. It is very common in most of the English-speaking world. The fact you havent come across it doesnt make it wrong.   Sounds fine to me. Its pretty common where Im from (south-east England). Some supporters of â€Å"no end† argue that â€Å"to no end† means something else entirely: To do something â€Å"to no end† commonly means â€Å"without purpose† or â€Å"in vain.† For example, â€Å"He gave her the roses to no particular end.† That’s the only meaning I can hear when reading a statement like â€Å"This amuses me to no end.† This argument is plausible but old-fashioned. Modern speakers are more likely to use â€Å"in vain† or â€Å"no use† when that’s the intended meaning: He gave her the roses, but it was no use. She still refused to date him. Her father pleaded with her to accept the suitor, but his pleas were in vain. I conclude the following: Either form may be used with the meaning â€Å"to a great extent† in colloquial English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.41 Words That Are Better Than GoodWhen Is a Question Not a Question?

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Essay Example Namely, this new society isn’t simply one of females, but also has fundamentally changed the structure of culture and interaction (Pringle). This essay specifically analyzes the way that Gilman indicates gender identity is socially constructed as a means of seeking to change late Victorian society, and considers the reasons that Gilman seeks this social change. While a great amount of the novel makes overt criticisms of late Victorian gender identities, some of the most potent such criticisms are established in terms of indirect commentary. After the men reach their destination and hide their biplane they go exploring the area. It is not long before the women capture them. In these early scenes one recognizes the blurring of distinctions behind Victorian gender physicality. The women are described as agile and full of strength and it is this strength that allows them to ultimately capture the men. In these regards, it seems that Gilman’s purpose of shifting the traditio nal male role of dominator to the female functions as a means of framing the novel in this overarching discourse. As the text further progresses and the men find themselves incarcerated, Gilman uses the situation as a means of further criticizing patriarchal society. The men, expecting traditional patriarchal treatment while incarcerated note that, "Of course we looked for punishment - a closer imprisonment, solitary confinement maybe - but nothing of the kind happened. They treated us as truants only, and as if they quite understood our truancy" (Gilman, p. 42). This statement is significant as it demonstrates that despite the recognition that the women have control, they do not seek to impose undue punishment on the men, but instead merely acculturate them to this newfound society. Indeed, theorists have argued that it operates as a microcosm of the broader critique of patriarchal society (Hoeller). Within the broader spectrum of the gender argument, it seems to indicate that desp ite claims to the contrary women are just, if not more competent than men, in handling issues related to power or incarceration. As the novel progresses Gilman further explores the areas where late Victorian society has established socially established gender identities. Upon being released from the prison after their captivity the men further explore Herland. Upon their exploration they come to recognize that many of the preconceived gender stereotypes they held, no longer hold. They note, "We had expected jealousy, and found a broad sisterly affection, a fair-minded intelligence, to which we could produce no parallel. We had expected hysteria, and found a standard of health and vigor, a calmness of temper, to which the habit of profanity, for instance, was impossible to explain - we tried it" (Gilman, p. 81). Similar to the discoveries the men established during their captivity, here they come to recognize that many of their preconceptions regarding the female gender no longer hol d in Herland. For instance, rather than finding jealousy they find a ‘sisterly affection’ and rather than hysteria they find health and vigor. In both instances the late Victorian gender stereotypes are proved erroneous, as women aren’t simply jealous hysterics. It seems Gilman’s motivations in these regards are multiple. On one level she has sought to simply demonstrate how an all female society could functionally operate. Still, on a more fundamental level she has sou

Work-Based Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work-Based Assignment - Essay Example I currently hold one title with several different roles; multi-tasking is they tell us a wonderful thing. I am currently learning to be an Environmental Champion and have also recently been delegated Team Focal Point in the absence of my line manager. I am also a specialist in product knowledge, which allows higher personal performance when carrying out my duties. My title at E.On is Consumer Acquisition Advisor. My main duties concerning this title would be: To any customer, I am the last link between their old supplier (Powergen) and their new supplier. If they have any problems or concerns I will be the last person able to discover and understand what these may be - and where applicable, fix them. Every advisor who is winning customers back is vital to Powergen as sometimes mistakes can be made and people can be confirmed as leaving without giving their consent, this could be a case of fraudulent practice or more commonly a mistake between meter supply numbers. Without this last contact between a customer and a Winback advisor, it would be a lengthier and more detrimental process from a customer perspective. Representatives from other companies have misled sometimes customers and it is our job to alert them to this. If a customer still chooses to leave we will not force them to stay, but leave them with a positive final impression of Powergen in the hope they may return in the future. However, in some instances customers will choose t o stay and so it is our job to process this and advise customers on the best possible product whilst offering a top level service to cement a customers belief that Powergen is the supplier for them. The current situation is going into a Winback call blind. By this I mean we do not do a quote before ringing a customer. The other advisors and myself find that having enough knowledge behind the call can help to structure the call completely. For example, we operate on a truth basis so we will not blag a

Macro5C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro5C - Essay Example The continuous failures may have discouraged the workers therefore they stopped looking for jobs ahead and â€Å"gave up† the idea of employment. In the above calculation, these people were not included in the unemployed workforce as they are not currently seeking job. However, if the Bureau of Labor statistics decided to include these workers as â€Å"Unemployed labor force† then the number of unemployed would go up and therefore the unemployment rate will likely be increased followed by an increase in total workforce, as shown below: Unemployed workforce = 8.4 million + 1.2 million = 9.6 million workers Total workforce = 116.9 + 1.2 = 118.1 Million people New Unemployment Rate = (9.6 / 118.1) * 100 = 0.09129 * 100 = 8.129 % The discouraged workers are not usually taken in to the unemployed workers account as the term â€Å"unemployment† directly refers to people who are out of jobs and actively looking for them yet unable to find them, where as discouraged work ers are workers who have given up on their search. ... Answer 3: Unemployment is a vast term used in economics very frequently; unemployment does not only refers to people without jobs due to limited reasons but has more complexities to it that economics defines. There are different kinds of unemployment including frictional, structural, seasonal, classical and cyclical unemployment. Out of all these, for simplicity in theory, economists often use three types of unemployment for explanations of economic phenomena; cyclical unemployment, frictional unemployment and structural unemployment. Frictional Unemployment refers to unemployment that is a temporary condition caused as a result of â€Å"looking between jobs†. It’s when an individual leaves one job in search of another and this gap of leaving the job and finding a new job is a temporary period of unemployment known as frictional unemployment. On the other hand, structural unemployment is due to mismatch of skills of the workers; they may become obsolete or not appropria te for the job kind. These two are basic levels of unemployment that would ALWAYS be there in any economy as they are natural and inevitable, so economists don’t really worry about these kinds of unemployment. The major cause of concern for economists is the cyclical unemployment; also known as Demand deficient unemployment. This is caused as a result of lack of aggregate demand in an economy putting downward pressure on the economy and increasing the inflationary gap. This type of unemployment can drive the economy out of working condition if it exists for a long span of time without appropriate government interventions (The great depression of 1930’s may serve as an example for such a case). When economists talk about â€Å"Natural Rate of Unemployment† they are reffering to the full

Human Resources Reputation and Effectiveness | Analysis

Human Resources Reputation and Effectiveness | Analysis â€Å"Human Resources Reputation and Effectiveness.† SUMMARY OF THIS ARTICLE This issue of Human Resource Management Review considers the past, present, and future of HRM theory and research, exploring how these issues have considerable potential to enhance organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The compilation includes suchthemes as identifying the shortfalls of the science of HRM; predicting, understanding, and influencing the behavior of individuals in organizations; and the status of research on compensation in organizations. Organizational theorists have suggested that reputation is one of the few resources that can give firms a sustainable competitive advantage, because it is viewed as a non-tradable, non-substitutable, non-imitable, resource that can be managed. HR-firm performance linkage examines the impact of an overall set of HR practices on firm performance. This perspective advanced the literature from examining the effect of a single HR practice on performance, to examining a set of practices that work together synergistically. Another perspective explains the positive findings between HRM and firm performance by emphasizing the role HR plays in implementing strategies. To effectively implement a particular strategy, HR practices must â€Å"fit† with the strategic goals of the firm. The two studies indicate that HR reputation does have an impact on the larger overarching image of the organization. It is important to have an HR reputation of fairness, and to advertise this quality to important stakeholders. It is important to examine the more intermediate linkages between HR reputation and firm reputation and performance. It would also be interesting to examine negative HR reputation signals, and their impact on the reputation of the organization. Employees are likely to recommend an organization for employment when that organization is fully committed to work-family policies. As human capital continues to gain credence as a critical resource, organizations have viewed their HR departments as holding the key to unlocking this important resource. Thus, the power of HR has increased over the past several years, and should continue to grow. In light of the foregoing review and evaluation, and the strengths and limitations of prior work on HR reputation and effectiveness the authors have proposed some directions for theory and research in this area that they believe could result in useful and productive streams of work. â€Å"Effectiveness Index† can be one of the tools to identify firms with very progressive or reputable HR functions. Also, the need to determine what might be the underlying dimensions of HR reputation, and, if multi-dimensional, are all dimensions equally important for effectiveness, or are they differentially weighted? Firms bring about this publicity by taking non-conforming actions and proactively seeking to manage impressions to facilitate their own celebrity to the degree that celebrity increases access to critical resources such as human capital, capital markets, and raw materials, celebrity status for the firm increases a firms competitive advantage. Many firms such as Johnson Johnson, Starbucks, and Hewlett-Packard, frequently hit these lists year after year and are on several lists each year. Many of these firms are known for their ability to â€Å"partner† with the HR function to facilitate strategy execution, administrative efficiency, employee commitment, and innovation. At such an early stage in the evolution of this area of scientific inquiry, it is not clear that HR reputation necessarily has only linear relationships with outcomes; such relationships could be non-linear in form. Perhaps there is an optimal level of reputation for the HR sub-unit, and that a ‘more is always better is not accurate. AUOTHERS CONTRIBUTION IN THIS ARTICLE The author has given a brief and precise history on the evolution of Human Resource Management as an important part of any organization from a record keeping employee towards a strategy building. As the number of personal policies continued to increase during the 19th century the importance of human resources management grew as well. Author have noted down that Competitive advantages, such as organizational culture, employee morale, and worker loyalty, fostered by HRM practices, are more difficult to imitate than manufacturing processes or cost management strategies. CRITICAL REVIEW What is interesting about this information? This article revolves around the evolution of Human Resource Management as the integral part of any organization to run smoothly. From the clerical job of just an employee record keeper to a strategic human asset manager this article has evaluated status of theory and research on HR reputation and effectiveness, and recommends directions for future work. The article starts of by looking at the beginning the change chain in the HR function progression. Born from the industrial relations movement, personnel management was first examined in 1920 by Tead and Metcalf. And During the industrial revolution, utilizing the scientific management of work (e.g., Taylor, 1895), companies began to quantify â€Å"†¦ the most efficient method for performing each work task, piece-rate systems of compensation to maximize employee work effort, and the selection and training of employees based on a thorough investigation of their talents and skills† Starting from the first look at HR function more seriously in 1920 it has moved from the century focusing on the years which hold importance towards the shaping of HR functions as we see them today. In 1925 Craig Charter adding to the chain proved that personnel management 1) became autonomous from the line managers and foremen, 2) turned an interest to psychology, 3)said a firm must be focused on leaders ability to â€Å"†¦effectively deal with employees and earn their loyalty and support† As in 1926 Lewisohn noted, the inherent labor problems that exist between workers and organizations were not a matter of capitalistic dialectic incompatibility, but, rather, incongruence between â€Å"†¦the organizational and administrative practices of management.† Thus, the core of a good organizational-employee relationship is recognizing and capitalizing on the mutual interests of maximum satisfaction and financial return (Filene, 1919). More work was done by Follett and Tead in 1929 and further by Kaufman in 1993 which said â€Å"To obtain cooperation, trust, loyalty, and hard work among employees, firms must attempt to simultaneously fulfill the goals of the worker and the organization† As the number of personal policies continued to increase, so did the importance of human resources management (HRM). As HRM grew, even more laws and regulations were passed in the 1950s and 1960s that promoted equal and fair treatment for all able workers (Russ, Galang, Ferris, 1998). However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s, when U.S.-based companies realized that their technological processes were no longer a source of sustained competitive advantage (Pfeffer, 1994), that HRM was viewed as impacting on organizational performance. As explained by Barney (1991), in his resource-based view of the firm, in order to remain profitable in the long run, organizations must have a sustainable competitive advantage. As organizations placed more emphasis on the human factor, the field of human resource management was formed from a result of various scientific fields of inquiry such as industrial relations and psychology (Dulebohn et al., 1995). In the last 15 years, HRM has further justified its strategic importance, increasingly being viewed as a key resource organizations possess (Pfeffer, 1997), and an essential link in firms strategies (e.g., Arthur, 1994; Huselid, 1995). As human resources are managed appropriately by matching unique internal processes with environmental opportunities and needs, HRM has the potential to be a source of competitive advantage over other firms in the industry. In turn, HRM has been held more accountable to contributing meaningfully to firm performance. Because human resource management is now seen as an important factor in organizational performance and effectiveness, the power and, as a result, the reputation of HR also has increased. How does the author(s) support the hypothesis? Reputation of the firm in the market is based on the Human Resource as an asset to the firm. By quoting; The study of reputation in the organizational sciences largely has been focused on reputation at the corporate level. Organizational theorists have suggested that reputation is one of the few resources that can give firms a sustainable competitive advantage, because it is viewed as a non-tradable, non substitutable, non-imitable, resource that can be managed (Barney, 1991; Kothaa, Rajgopala, Rindova, 2001). Work done by Reed DeFillippi, 1990; Barney, 1991; Lado Wilson, 1994; Huselid 1995; Delaney and Huselid, 1996; Ulrich, 1997; Becker Huselid, 1998; Boxall in 2003; Lawler Mohrman in the year 2003;; Colbert 2004;; Hatch Dyer, 2004; Bowen Ostroff 2004 showed that personal reputation is a collectively agreed upon perception by others, and that reputation exists in a vacuum of imperfect information. When an audience is attempting to gather information regarding an individual (or organization), reputation is relied on to â€Å"fill in the blanks.† This is similar to corporate reputation theory in that personal reputation is based upon social norms, as opposed to market norms. Established upon the notion that reputation is related to social norms, current research suggests that to successfully acquire a reputation, an individual or organization must â€Å"stand out† from others in the field. Rindova, Pollock and Hayward (2006) reflected these beliefs in a recent piece dev oted to celebrity firms, acknowledging the relationship between reputation and celebrity. Suggesting that reputation reflects a predictive measure, they argued that both celebrity and reputation are based on others perception of some entity. Similarly the department level reputation depends on the production of the department individuals respectively and collectively different departments form the reputation of the organization as a whole. This view is supported by work done in 2005 by Roberts. Research in CEO celebrity has shown that a leaders reputation may change the reputation of the company (Hayward, Rindova, Pollock, 2004). Logically, the same process should apply to departments. If an HR department has a strong, powerful leader, the members of the department should feel an increase in power (Cialdini et al., 1976). Consistent support has been found for the HRM firm performance link in the literature, and with the continued development of theory, a richer understanding of how this relationship occurs can both advance the literature and facilitate improvement in practice. The theoretical underpinnings of the literature examining the relationship between HRM and firm performance have developed from; o Examining specific sets of HR practices. o Examining a match between HR practices and strategy o Examining the role of HRM in building and maintaining organizational resources and capabilities that contribute directly to a firms competitive advantage. The linkage between HRM and performance has be identified by the authors on the work done by Barney, 1991; Lado Wilson, 1994; Ulrich, 1997; Becker Huselid, 1998; Perry-Smith and Blum 2000; Boxall, 2003; Lawler Mohrman, 2003;, Ranft Lord, 2000, 2002; Collins Clark, 2003; Colbert, 2004; Hatch Dyer, 2004; Bowen Ostroff, 2004; Hatch and Dyer, 2004 HR reputation does have an impact on the larger overarching image of the organization. It is important to have an HR reputation of fairness, and to advertise this quality to important stakeholders. Although only one of the signals from the study affected share price, there may be other advantages of HR reputation at the firm level that are just as important, such as performance, labor costs, and employee turnover. This theory is based on the work done by Wright, Ferris, Hiller and Kroll in 1995; Hannon Milkovich in 1996 and Koys in 1997. What is the main aim of the article? The aim of the article is to provide a base line from the work done throughout the 19th century on the importance of the Human Resource Management as an integral part of the success of any firm. And to provide the readers with information from so many writers from 1920 to 2006 in the history of HR functions enabling the reader to suggest even more on the basis of research work done by them working in their environment any where in the world as human psychology is ever changing. Is the article timely? In the era of fast growing technology and change in almost every firm around the globe the need to develop and consider human resource as an integral part of any organizations success is the key as we read in so many journals and magazines such as â€Å"Times† and â€Å"Business Recorder† the stories of better human resource management success stories of successful companies, it does show that the importance of HR in any firm can not be ignored any more. This article was published in the year 2007 which is to me some what late because of the already changing trends in organization management. So I would have liked the article to be published before the beginning of this century as the boom in technology and industrial revolution has forced companies to review their HR policies and still there are many countries and firms around the world which lack the awareness of the importance of HR as an important mix in the success of their company. Is the methodology appropriate? Any weaknesses? The authors supported their perspective by using quotations and the research work done by over 20 people; from different research papers, articles, books and publications from the year 1920 to 2006. As they moved along the history starting from 1920 little indication of any work between 1930 and 1990 is given. Which I believe has left a big gap in the research work. Although some indication has been given that not much work was done between theses years to promote the importance of HR. Suggestions for future theory and research remains incomplete as many of the ideas merely seem to be repeated of what they have explained in the previous sections. For example: Just as celebrity status for a CEO or a firm has been shown to increase the breadth and volume of resources available to these actors, the popularity and celebrity of HR practices in an organization may increase the resources allocated to the HR function in those organizations. As resources increase, the power and influence of the HR function increase (Pfeffer, 1997). Research in CEO celebrity has shown that a leaders reputation may change the reputation of the company (Hayward, Rindova, Pollock, 2004). First paragraph quotation is taken from the work done by (Pfeffer, 1997) comes in the article in the first part. And the second written in the conclusion part from (Hayward, Rindova, Pollock, 2004). Both implying the same idea, supporting the conclusion by a repeating quote can affect the strength of the conc lusion itself. How does the article contribute to the field? Does it make an original contribution to the field? Human resource management has evolved into a strategic business partner linking organization goals to the internal and external customers of the company. This article contributes to the field of Human Resource Management vitally as organizations today are shifting and transforming into a global business and fostering local businesses. The importance to align the strategic goals with the HR efforts remains vital to the success. How does the article relate to the course? The course entitled management organizational policy is the study of how organizational strategies are made to run the processes and to make the firm as competitive as possible. This article throws light on Human Resource managements importance and how it thrived and evolved over the years. The most important asset in any firm today is considered to be the Human Resource and managing it properly is the key to success. Diagnosing Human Resource Management Practices: Increasingly, teamwork is seen as one of the main building blocks of successful organizations and much time, effort and resources are being invested in developing and managing cohesive teams (Katzenbach and Smith, 1994) The potential benefits of these investments are numerous and diverse. Perhaps the greatest is the achievement of organizational synergy where the output of the whole team becomes greater than the sum of the individual contributors and in so doing boosts the productivity and creativity of their units and functions. In addition, teamwork can benefit the company and its members in the following ways (Wilson, 1994): For many organizations, decentralization and delegation have been central features of their new management philosophy. Current thinking leads to the removal of as many levels as possible in an attempt to rid the organization of bureaucracy. This is expected to provide faster communication both up and down the organization with less chance of distortion. Another benefit of de layering is that individuals and groups can be more autonomous and responsive to customer needs (Wilson, 1994). Within the general policy guidelines of the organization, employees at the customer interface are empowered to make decisions that previously would have to be referred to higher levels. Finally, another application of the framework presented in this paper would be to investigate the relative influence of so-called best practices on different organizational outcomes. Many of the HRM practices identified in the recent literature seem like fads because they often are implemented without much understanding of the underlying principles of human behavior as well as a tendency to do whatever is popular at the moment, regardless of whether it makes sense in the specific setting or organization (Pfeffer, 1994). It is this trendiness that makes the task of measuring and demonstrating the effective contribution of HR policies and practices of organizations so difficult. Yet, for many line managers, it is the ability to show that HR adds value, not the rhetoric, that forms the basis of policy making and which gives HR its place on company boards. If the HR policies and practices are misaligned, or no attempt is made to provide line managers with a framework to assess practices on an ongoing basis, the credibility and influence of the HR function will suffer. The framework put forward in this article may help to avoid these mistakes. Linkage between Production and Effective HRM: The aspect of this model presenting the greatest practical difficulty is in specifying and measuring employee productivity. A couple of factors complicate this task. The one receiving the most attention in the past has been the problem of measuring productivity, and the more fundamental problem concerning the definition of productivity. At the simplest level, productivity can be defined in terms of quantity of output. Quality is also an important aspect of productivity, but it is the quantity definition of productivity that has received the most attention. The practical difficulty is that many measures of productivity (both quantity and particularly quality) are subjective measures, and thus not very amenable to simulation. Blue collar and routine clerical occupations are the ones most amenable to simulations at present, due to the relative simplicity involved in defining and measuring productivity. Due to the difficulty in determining acceptable objective performance measures, many organizations and studies rely upon subjective measures of productivity, but Bommer et al. [13] conclude that the measures are not interchangeable due to the low published correlations between objective and subjective performance measures. In practical terms, this means that the performance measures used by most organizations are useless for the purpose of simulation studies. The model just illustrated and discussed makes it clear just how complex the human resource aspects of production can be, yet complexity is not a sufficient reason to warrant inclusion in models of production systems. It is only important to include human resources in production system models if biased or deficient conclusions would result from ignoring human resources. The discussion will thus turn to some examples that will highlight the importance of considering carefully the human resource implications of policy decisions. Finally, a brief example of an informal test of the model is discussed. In the example, a post hoc evaluation of an actual example is performed, with simulation results that are consistent with the actual outcome. Leaders influence on organizational effectiveness: Most effects of human capital on firm performance are mediated by efficiency and innovative adaptation. Employees with strong skills and motivation are likely to be more productive, because they will do the work faster and smarter. Research shows that talented employees can improve efficiency and process reliability (e.g., Hatch Dyer, 2004; Ichniowski Shaw, 1999). Talented employees can also improve adaptation by helping to develop innovative products and services, by marketing them effectively, and by providing excellent customer service (Baer Frese, 2003; Pfeffer, 1998; Vermeulen, Jong, OShaughnessy, 2005). Because efficiency and adaptation mediate the effects of human resources and relations on firm performance, the importance of human resources and relations increases when talented, dedicated employees are needed to achieve optimal levels for these other two performance determinants. Human resources are more important when operations are labor intensive, the work is complex and difficult to learn, successful performance requires a high level of skill and experience, and it is difficult to recruit and train competent replacements for people who leave. Examples of organizations likely to have such conditions include hospitals, consulting firms, law firms, advertising agencies, research universities, and companies that rely on advanced manufacturing technology (Snell Dean, 1992). Human resources and relations are very important when the competitive strategy requires unique experts or celebrities to attract and retain customers (Grant, 1996; Pennings et al., 1998). If unusually talented employees are dissatisfied, they can often find jobs in competing companies or start their own company. Voluntary turnover of key employees can be important not only for the loss of unique skills, but also for the loss of their special external relationships with clients, suppliers, strategic partners, and others (Dess Shaw, 2001; Leana Van Buren, 1999; Pennings et al., 1998). Examples of organizations with high dependence on uniquely talented members include professional sports teams, advertising agencies, talent agencies, consulting companies, and investment banking firms. Human relations and resources are less important when much of the work can be done by unskilled workers, there are many people who are able and willing to do simple repetitive work for low wages and benefits, and there are few labor laws or other limitations on how employees are treated (as in many third-world countries). Likewise, human resources and relations are less important when an organization needs few employees except for the headquarters staff (e.g., a chemicals company with highly automated processes, an internet services company, or a â€Å"virtual organization† for which nearly all functions are outsourced). Leaders can improve the performance of an organization by influencing the performance determinants. One form of influence is the use of specific leadership behaviors in interactions with subordinates, peers, and outsiders. A second form of influence involves decisions about management programs and systems, and organizational structure. A third form of influence involves decisions about the competitive strategy for the organization. The three forms of influence must be used together in a consistent way for effective strategic leadership. The Changing Role of HR Managers in Europe: European HR management appears to be a field in transition; external forces such as increasing demands for quality improvement, privatization and completion of the Single European Market are important influences affecting the nature and scope of HRM across European countries. Competitive pressures have added to the challenges created by the changes in the occupational and demographic make-up of the workforce. What are the implications of these developments for the HR function across Europe? It is interesting to note that HR and non-HR managers attached a different degree of importance to the various skill and knowledge areas. In particular, HR managers rated organizational change skills, general business management, and knowledge of general Personnel HR techniques significantly higher in importance than non- HR managers. In contrast, non-HR managers attached more importance to consultation skills, improving employee motivation, and working in teams. These differences were most pronounced in the manufacturing sector. In fact, analysis of sector scores showed that respondents from manufacturing companies consistently rated the need for skills to improve employee motivation, teamwork, and cross-cultural communication higher than those employed in the service and public sectors. These growing demands put the HR manager in a difficult position. If (as the EAPM findings indicated) HR managers are often perceived as too administrative and traditional, line managers may hesitate to allow them to rotate out of the narrow confines of their function into areas where they can gain broader business experience. In addition, what remains unclear is what will happen to the potential role overload and growing expectations on someone in the role of a hardworking HR manager who cannot do all that is required. The senior HR executive in a Swiss company put it candidly: ‘It scares me to think that I might be expected to go out and run a business after twenty years in HR. Im afraid Id fail. HRM Practices in small firms: According to the RBV, human resources (as distinct from human resource activities) are viewed as a potential source of sustained competitive advantage because value, rareness, inimitability and non substitutability is derived from the inherent heterogeneity, ambiguity and complexity of these resources and the conditions under which they are deployed (Wright et al., 1994). Value derives from the unique contribution of skills, knowledge, and cognitive abilities (for example) to achieving firm goals. Research shows that training is an important HRM issue for many small firms, but formal training is less likely to be provided in these firms (Storey, 2004). Storey and Westhead (1997) provide two explanations for this. First, training is less likely to occur in small firms because of ‘ignorance of the benefit it can bring and second because the cost is too high for small firms (Storey, 2004; Storey Westhead, 1997). Importance of Corporate image and reputation: From the perspective of marketing, the impact of corporate image and reputation on consumer behavior is well recognized in spite of the lack of empirical evidence. Numerous authors assert that a good corporate image or reputation helps to increase the firms sales and its market share (Shapiro, 1982), and to establish and maintain a loyal relationship with customers (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998; Robertson, 1993; Yoon et al., 1993). How is corporate image related to corporate reputation? A review of the past research in the field shows little empirical results except for some general statements. For example, Porter (1985) suggests that a good reputation may help a pioneer rebuilding an innovative image in the industry, while Franklin (1984) proposes that corporate reputation is a global and final outcome of the process of building a corporate image. Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Throughout the 1980s there were a number of variations along this theme of strategic fit (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 1988). One of the clearest expositions and developments of this theme was given by Schuler and Jackson (1987). In their model, HRM is seen as a menu of strategic choices to be made by HR executives intended to promote the most effective role behaviors that are consistent with the organization strategy and are aligned with each other. The models starting points are the generic competitive strategies outlined by Porter (1980) i.e. quality enhancement, innovation and cost leadership or reduction. For example, Kravetz (1988) conducted a survey of 150 Forbes 500 companies to examine the relationship between Human Resource Progressiveness (HRP) and a variety of financial measures drawn from Standard Poors Compustat Services, such as five-year growth in sales, five-year growth in profits, and P-E ratio for the latest twelve months. HRP was measured by asking the vice presidents of human resources of each company in the survey to complete a fifty-one item questionnaire on human resource policies and practices in the areas of communication, management style, career development, performance management, working hours and employee participation. Finally, it is clear the contribution of even highly skilled and motivated employees will be limited if jobs are programmed or structured in such a way that employees do not get the opportunity to use their skills and abilities to improve their performance. Consequently, HRM practices can also create competitive advantage through provision of organizational structures, leadership and work conditions that encourage initiative and creativity among employees and allow them to find ways to improve how their jobs are performed. Delegation, cross-functional teamwork and participative management are examples of such conditions. FINAL CONCLUSION With the increasing demands of todays business environment, company executives are placing more pressure on the human resource function to perform better, smarter, faster, and cheaper, while providing more value added services. Now, in addition to supporting workforce requirements and general business initiatives, the activities of HR are increasingly focused on managing the broader human capital capabilities required to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage (e.g., succession planning, leadership development, performance management, cultural transformation).In order to accommodate this shift in focus, HR needs to rapidly align their priorities and resources to provide the wider range of expertise necessary. References: How leaders influence organizational effectiveness Gary Yukl Management Department, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA. The Leadership Quarterly 19 (2008) 708-722 Hatch, W. N., Dyer, H. J. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1155−1178. Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K. (1999). The effect of human resource management systems on economic performance: an international comparison of U.S. and Japanese plants. . Management Science, 45(5), 704−721. Baer, M., Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45−68. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation. Boston: Harvard Business School. Vermeulen, A. M. P., Jong, D. P. J. J., O, Shaughnessy, K. C. (2005). Identifying key determinants for new produ